342 
CYCAS 
in number. The pith of C. circinalis L. (trop. As.) and C. revoluta 
Thunb. (Japan) yields a kind of sago. 
Cyclamen (Tourn.) Linn. Primulaceae (iv). io sp. Eur. (mostly 
alpine). Medit. C . europaeum L. in Brit, (sow-bread). There is a 
stout corm (p. 152) due to the thickening of the hypocotyl. The 
perianth-lobes are bent back and the flr. is pendulous, with a loose- 
pollen mechanism (p. 98) as in Erica. After fertilisation the stalk 
usually coils up spirally drawing the ripening fruit down to the soil 
(cf. Vallisneria) ; in C . persicum Sibth. et Sm. it bends over and 
forces the fruit into the ground (cf. Arachis). 
Cyclanthaceae. Monocotyledons (Synanthae). 6 gen. with 45 sp. 
trop. Am.; they help to characterise the flora of this region (p. 195). 
Climbers, epiphytes, rhizome-herbs, or small shrubs, of palm-like 
habit, with curious spadix infls. on which the $ and ? firs, alternate 
in various ways (see Carludovica and Cyclanthus). The order is 
nearly related to the Palmae, Pandanaceae and Araceae; it is placed 
in Spadiciflorae by Warming, in Nudiflorae by Benth.- Hooker. Chief 
genera: Carludovica, Cyclanthus. 
Cyclanthera Schrad. Cucurbitaceae (v). Over 30 sp. trop. Am. The 
sta. are combined into a column as in section IV, but here the anther- 
loculi are fused into 2 ring-shaped loculi running completely round 
the top of the column. C. explodens Naud. has an explosive fruit (cf. 
Ecballium) ; the pericarp is extremely turgid on its inner surface, and 
the fruit dehisces into valves, each of which rolls back on itself with 
a violent jerk. 
Cyclanthus Poit. Cyclanthaceae. A unique genus. 4 sp. trop. Am. 
The rhizome bears large leaves, forked into two at the top. Infl. 
terminal on a long stalk (figs, in Nat. PfL .), as a large cylindrical 
spadix with big bracts at the base. The spadix resembles a number 
of discs piled upon one another, with their edges sharpened to a thin 
rim. In some sp. two parallel spirals compose the spadix, each with 
a sharpened edge. In the former case every other disc bears $ firs., 
in the latter one of the spirals, the other being ? . The cf firs, occupy 
a groove at the edge of the rim; each has 6 sta. and no perianth. 
The ? firs, are embedded in the disc and their ovaries are united 
into a long continuous chamber running all round the disc and 
containing numerous placentae. The perianths also are united all 
round the disc; on their inner sides they bear staminodes. The fruit 
is multiple, consisting of a number of seeds embedded in a general 
fleshy mass formed of the ovaries and spadix. Cf. Carludovica. 
Cycnoches Lindl. Orchidaceae (17) 8 sp. trop. Am. The flr. is like 
that of Catasetum in mechanism and polymorphism. 
Cydonia Tourn. ex Mill. = Pyrus Toum. C. vulgaris Pers. = P. Cydonia 
L. ; C. japonica Pers. = P. japonica Thunb. 
Cymbalaria Medic. = Linaria Mill. 
Cymbidium Sw. Orchidaceae (24). 30 sp. E. Ind., China, Austr., Afr. 
