CYPERACEAE 
343 
Cynanchum Linn. (incl. Vincetoxicum Rupp.). Asclepiadaceae (n. 2). 
100 sp. trop. and temp. Many are twiners, and xerophytes with 
fleshy stems and reduced leaves. The firs, are fertilised by carrion- 
flies which get the pollinia attached to their proboscides. 
Cynara Vaill. ex Linn. Compositae (xi). 11 sp. Medit. C. Scolymus 
L. is the true artichoke (see Helianthus). The young flr.-heads 
enclosed in the involucral bracts form a valuable pot-herb. C. Car- 
dunculus L. is the cardoon, whose leaves are blanched and eaten like 
those of celery. This sp. has spread over great areas on the Pampas, 
where it was introduced (p. 24). 
Cynocrambaceae ( Thelygonaceae ). Dicotyledons (Archichl. Centro- 
spermae). An order consisting only of the one genus Cynocrambe 
(Thelygonum), which is of so anomalous a character that it has been 
placed near to Urticaceae (to which it is united by Benth. -Hooker), 
Phytolaccaceae (to which it is united by Warming), Chenopodiaceae, 
Begoniaceae, Santalaceae, Monimiaceae, &c. (see Nat. For 
details see Thelygonum. 
Cynocrambe Tourn. ex Adans = Thelygonum Linn. 
Cynodon Rich. Gramineae (xi). 3 sp. Austr., the other, C. Dactylon 
Pers., the dog’s-tooth or Bermuda grass, cosmop. (incl. Brit.). It 
grows with creeping stems on sandy soil and is used for binding 
dunes (p. 186); it forms a useful pasture on such soils. Spikes digi- 
tate, spikelets 1 -flowered. 
Cynoglossum (Tourn.) Linn. Boraginaceae (iv. 1). 50 sp. temp, and 
subtrop. C . officinale L. (hound’s tongue) and another in Brit. 
Formerly officinal. The fruit is hooked. 
Cynometra Linn. Leguminosae (11, 2). 27 sp. trop. C. cauliflora L. 
is a good example of stem-fruiting (p. 1 56). 
Cynomorium Mich, ex Linn. Balanophoraceae. 1 sp. Medit., C. 
coccineum L. 
Cymosuras Linn. Gramineae (x). 5 sp. Old World temp., 2 in Brit, 
(dog’s-tail grass), one of which, C. cristatus L., is a valuable pasture 
and fodder grass. 
Cj^pella Herb. Iridaceae (11. 1). 5 sp. S. Am. One sp. increases its 
conspicuousness by unfolding its firs, in great numbers at definite 
times (F. Muller). 
Cyperaceae. Monocotyledons (Glumiflorae). 65 genera with over 
2500 sp., cosmop., chiefly marsh-plants. Grass-like plants, mostly 
perennials with creeping sympodial rhizomes. The new shoot of 
each year is adnate (p. 30), for an internode or more, to the parent 
shoot, so that the branching seems at first sight extra-axillary. The 
aerial shoot is usually grass-like, but the stem is generally solid and 
angular with 3 ranks of leaves. The leaf is sheathing at the base, 
but the sheath is entire, not split as in a grass. The unit of infl. is 
again a spikelet ; the total infl. may be a spike or panicle as in grasses. 
In many sedges the spikelet is cymose — a sympodium — and should 
