M 
EPILOBIUM 
stigmas closed, is bent downwards. Afterwards the sta. bend down 
and the style up, and the stigmas open. This is the plant in which 
C. K. Sprengel (1793* see biography in Nat. Science , 1893) made the 
first discovery of dichogamy. In E. hirsutum L. sta. and stigma are 
ripe together, but the stigma projects beyond the sta. ; if not polli- 
nated it bends back and touches the anthers. E. parvijlorum Schreb. 
is a small- flowered sp., rarely visited by insects; 4 sta. are shorter, 
4 longer, than the style; the former are only useful for cross-pollina- 
tion, the latter self-pollinate the dr. Sta. and stigma ripen simul- 
taneously. The seed of E. is provided with a tuft of hairs for wind- 
carriage. 
Epimedium (Tourn.) Linn. (excl. Vanconveria C. Morr. et Dene.). 
Berberidaceae. 10 sp. N. temp. Old World. E. alpinum L. is na- 
turalised in Brit. It has, like most E., a 2-merous fir., which is pen- 
dulous, with glandular hairs on the stalk. It is protogynous, and 
after a time the valves of the anthers bend upwards and roof over the 
stigma, and the male stage begins. Finally self-pollination occurs by 
the elongation of the style carrying the stigma among the valves. 
The nectaries are of a curious shoe-like pattern. The seeds have a 
membranous aril. 
Epipactis Adans. Orchidaceae (4). 10 sp. N.temp.; 2 in Brit., E. lati- 
folia All., and E. palustris Crantz (helleborine). There are two 
staminodes at the sides of the column; the anther is acrotonic. The 
labellum has a hinged terminal portion, which by its rebound causes 
the insect to fly somewhat upwards in leaving the fir. In so doing it 
rubs the rostellum, which instantly becomes very viscid and cements 
the pollinia (which have no true caudicles) to the insect. The chief 
visitors are wasps (p. 92). See Darwin’s Orchids , p. 93. 
Epiphyllum Haw. Cactaceae (1. 1). 4 sp. Brazil, often epiphytic. 
Epipogum S. G. Gmel. Orchidaceae (4). 1 sp. Eur. (incl. Brit.), As., 
E . aphyllum Sw. a leafless saprophyte (p. 177) with a branched 
rhizome and no roots; it has an endotropic mycorhiza (p. 39). Fir. 
as in Epipactis, but without any twisting of the receptacle. 
Epipremnum Schott. Araceae (11). 8 sp. Indo-mal. 
Episcia Mart. Gesneriaceae (1). 30 sp. trop. Am. 
Equisetaceae. Pteridophyta (Equisetineae). An order with only one 
surviving genus (Equisetum, q.v .), but formerly well represented upon 
the earth. Many large fossil forms (Calamites, &c.) are known. 
Equisetineae. One of the main divisions of Pteridophyta {q-v) y con- 
taining the single order Equisetaceae. 
Equisetum Linn. Equisetaceae (the only genus). 25 sp. temp, and 
arctic; 9 in Brit, (horsetails), chiefly in swampy places. They are 
perennial herbs with sympodial rhizomes, which send up aerial shoots 
each year. These may be of one or two kinds; in some sp. the 
ordinary green shoot bears the reproductive spike at the end, while in 
others there is a special reproductive shoot, usually appearing early 
