FESTUCA 
377 
with 12 sp. antarctic S. Am., N. Z. and S. Austr. F. sylvatica L., 
the beech, is found in Brit, and over large parts of Eur. It often 
forms homogeneous forests, and is accompanied by a peculiar under- 
growth, e.g. Asperula odor at a , Lathrea squamaria , &c. (see Hock in 
Bot. Centr. 52, p. 353, 1892). The <? firs. are in pendulous cymose 
heads, the ? in pairs ; each cupule encloses two nuts. The wood 
of the beech is hard, and is much used in the arts; an oil is expressed 
from the nuts. It forms hedges in many districts; when growing low 
it does not drop its leaves, as it does when it takes the tree form, 
and thus a beech-hedge affords good shelter in winter for gardens &c. 
A variety with red sap in the cells of the epidermis is often cultivated 
in parks under the name copper-beech. The beech only flowers every 
few years, and saves up material in the interval (cf. Agave). F. (A.) 
Cunninghami Hook., the myrtle-tree (Austr.) is an evergreen sp. 
largely cultivated in Austr. &c. 
Falcaria Riv. ex Rupp. Umbelliferae (5). 1 sp. Eur., As. 
Falkia Linn. f. Convolvulaceae (1. 1). 4 sp. Afr. 
Faraaaya F. Muell. Verbenaceae (iv. 4). 5 sp. Austr., Polynes. 
Faramea Aubl. Rubiaceae (11. 18). 100 sp. trop. S. Am., W. Ind 
See Muller’s Fert . of Firs, p. 304 (dimorphic pollen). 
Farinosae (Engler). The 7th cohort of Monocotyledons (p. 126). 
Farsetia Turra (incl. Fibigia Medic.). Cruciferae (iv. 18). 19 sp. 
Medit. 
Fatsia Dene, et Planch, (incl. Echinopanax Dene, et Planch., and 
Tetrapanax C. Koch). Araliaceae. 3 sp. China, N. W. Am. F, 
papyrifera Benth. et Hook. f. is the rice-paper tree of China. The 
paper is made from the pith, which is split into thin sheets and 
pressed (cf. Cyperus). 
Fedia Gaertn. Valerianaceae. 1 sp. Medit., F. Cornucopiae Gaertn. 
For other sp. see Valerianella. 
Feronia Correa. Rutaceae (x). 1 sp. India to Java, F. elephantum 
Correa, the Elephant-apple or Wood-apple. The wood is useful, and 
the tree yields a gum, used instead of gum-arabic. The fruit is edible. 
Ferula Tourn. ex Linn. Umbelliferae (7). 80 sp. Medit., Cent. As. 
F, coiJimunis L. is often cultivated in shrubberies under the name of 
giant-fennel. It only flowers after storing up materials for some years 
(cf. Fagus, Agave). F. Narthex Boiss. and F. Assa-foetida Linn, 
are the sources of the drug Asafoetida, obtained by notching the 
roots and collecting the escaping juice. It is used as a condiment in 
Persia &c. under the name ‘food of the gods,’ and as a stimulant in 
medicine. F. galbaniflua Boiss. et Buhse and F. rubricaulis Boiss. 
are the sources of the gum galbanum, used in medicine. 
Festuca (Tourn.) Linn. Gramineae (x). 90 sp. cosmop.; 5 in Brit, 
(fescue-grass). The leaves roll up inwards in dry air like those of 
Stipa. Many are good pasture-grasses. The sp. when growing on 
mountains are commonly viviparous (see order). 
