404 
GUTTJFERAE 
usually free; fruit a i- or 3-loc. septi- or loculi-cidal capsule-, 
or indehiscent; embryo usually straight with not very thick 
cotyledons): Hypericum, Vismia. 
III. ENDODESMIOIDEAE (placed in Hypericaceae by Benth.- 
Hooker; sta. united into a tube above, in 5 bundles below; 
cpl. 1 ; drupe; cotyledons fleshy): Endodesmia (only genus)* 
IV. CALOPHYLLOIDEAE : Mesua, Mammea, Calophyllum. 
V. CLUSIOIDEAEi Clusia, Garcinia. 
VI. MORONOBOIDEAEi Symphonia. 
[Placed in Guttiferales by Benth. -Hooker, in Cistiflorae by 
W arming. ] 
Guzmania Ruiz et Pav. Bromeliaceae (4). 5 sp. trop. S. Am. Epi- 
phytes. 
Gymnadenia R. Br. = Habenaria Willd. (spec, names mostly the same)* 
Gymnema R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (11. 4). 25 sp. W. Afr. to Austr* 
The leaves of G. sylvesire R. Br. contain gymnemic acid, and when 
chewed temporarily destroy the capacity of tasting sugar. 
Gymnocladus Lam. Leguminosae (11. 7). 2 sp. China and N. Am. 
Gymnogramme Desv. Polypodiaceae. 90 sp., esp. trop. G. lepto - 
phylla Desv., an annual fern, occurs in Jersey. 
Gymnospermae. One of the two great divisions of Spermaphyta or 
seed -plants. They are distinguished from the Angiospermae by the 
fact that the cpls. are not so infolded or united as to form an 
ovary round the ovules ; also the endosperm (female prothallus) 
is formed before fertilisation. The existing G. are divided into 
three great classes, Cycads, Conifers, and Gnetaceae. These differ 
very much from one another and possibly have been derived from 
separate stocks of Pteridophyta. The Cycads are connected with the 
Ferns by the fossil Cycadofilices (cf. Scott in Nature , 68, 1903. 
p. 377). The position of the Gnetaceae is peculiar and in some ways 
nearer to the Angiosperms. The firs, in most Cycads and Conifers 
take the form of cones : whether each cone represents one fir. or one 
infl. is a disputed point (see p. 61, and art. Coniferae). The sta. is of 
simple structure ; in the Cycads there are several pollen-sacs, looking 
just like the sporangia of Marattiaceae, upon the lower side of a 
somewhat leaf-like organ; in the Conifers the sta. has usually fewer 
pollen-sacs and is more leaf-like, while in the Gnetaceae the anthers 
are sessile. The ovules are always naked in the sense of not being 
enclosed in an ovary formed of one or more hollow cpls., but they 
are usually protected in some way from the weather. Wind-pollina- 
tion occurs. 
In the Cycads a considerable mass of sporogenous tissue is formed 
in the ovule (mega-sporangium) ; one of the cells of this tissue gives 
rise to the embryo-sac (mega-spore). This behaviour is closely com- 
parable to that of the higher Pteridophyta. In the embryo-sac the 
female prothallus (endosperm) forms by cell-division, and archegonia 
