422 
JUG LAND A CEAE 
Pterocarya, Juglans, Carya. [Placed in Unisexuales by Benth. - 
Hooker, in Juglandiflorae by Warming.] 
Juglandales. The 2nd cohort of Dicotyledons (Archichl.). See p. 127. 
Juglandeae (Benth. -Hooker) = Juglandaceae. 
Juglandiflorae (Warming). The 3rd cohort of Choripetalae. Seep. 137. 
Juglans Linn. Juglandaceae. 8 sp. N. temp. J. regia L. is the 
walnut. Thee? hr. is ‘adnate’ to the bract and bracteoles and has 5, 
4, 3, or 2 perianth leaves; the lowest firs, have as many as 20 sta., 
the upper as few as 6. The fruit is a drupe, with a green fleshy 
exocarp, and a hard endocarp (the shell). The ‘boats’ into which 
the shell splits do not represent each a cpl. ; the splitting is down the 
midribs of the cpls. Within is the seed with its thin brown seed-coat. 
It is exalbuminous with a basal radicle and two large cotyledons,* 
which are rendered irregular in shape by the presence of partial septa 
in the ovary. The fir. of J. has lately been shown to be chalazogamic 
(Nawaschin in Bot. Centr . 63, 1895; see art. Chalazogamae). 
The wood of the walnut is valued in cabinet-making, &c. ; the 
seeds yield an oil. Many varieties are cultivated for their fruit. 
Julocroton Mart. Euphorbiaceae (A. 11. 1). 20 sp. trop. Am. Firs, 
in spikes, the ? below, the <? above. 
Juncaceae. Monocotyledons (Liliiflorae). 7 gen. with 200 sp. in 
damp and cold places, temp, and frigid zones. They have usually a 
creeping sympodial rhizome, one joint of the sympodium appearing 
above ground each year as a leafy shoot. The stem does not often 
lengthen out above ground, except to bear the infl. The leaves are 
usually narrow, and occasionally centric in structure (Juncus). Infl. 
usually a crowded mass of firs, borne in cymes of various types, 
usually monochasial. Fir. g , regular, wind-fertilised. Perianth 3 + 3, 
sepaloid, with the odd leaf of the inner whorl posterior ; sta. 3 + 3 (or 
the inner wanting), anthers dehiscing laterally, pollen in tetrads; cpls. 
(3), forming a sup. ovary; placentae axile or parietal, with 00 or few 
anatropous ovules. Style simple, with 3 brush-like stigmas. Locu- 
licidal capsule. Embryo straight, in starchy endosperm. Chief 
genera : Prionium, Juncus, Luzula. [Placed in Calycinae by Benth. - 
Hooker, in Glumiflorae by Warming.] 
Juncaginaceae. Monocotyledons (Helobieae). 4 gen. with 10 sp., 
temp. Perennial marsh herbs of grass-like habit ; in the axils of the 
sheathing leaves are ‘ squamulae intravaginales ’ (cf. Potamogetona- 
ceae). Firs. $ , in racemes, regular, greenish, wind-fertilised, protogy- 
nous. P 3 + 3, A 3 + 3, anthers extrorse; G 3 + 3 sometimes united, 
but the outer whorl is often abortive ; stigmas sessile ; 1 anatropous 
ovule in each cpl. Achenes or schizocarp. Seed exalbuminous; 
embryo straight. Chief genera: Triglochin, Scheuchzeria, Lilaea. 
The order is joined to Naiadaceae by Benth. -Hooker. 
Juncus (Toum.) Linn. Juncaceae. 160 sp. cosmop. but chiefly in cold, 
wet places. 18 sp. of rush are found in Brit. Most sp. have a sym- 
