536 
PYROLACEAE 
Cpls. opp. petals ; ovary imperfectly 4 — 5-loc. Style simple. Ovules 
minute, oo , anatropous, on thick fleshy placentae. Fruit a capsule. 
Seeds oo , small, in loose testa. Embryo of few cells, without differ- 
entiation of cotyledons. Chief genera : Pyrola, Chimaphila, Mono- 
tropa, Sarcodes. Benth.- Hooker united Pyrola and the similar green- 
leaved forms to Ericaceae, making an order Monotropeae for the 
Saprophytes ; they place both in Ericales ; they are placed in 
Bicornes by Warming. 
Fyrus (Toum.) Linn. (incl. Cydonia Toum., Mespilus Tourn.). Rosa- 
ceae (il. 4). 50 or 60 sp. N. temp. ; 6 in Brit., incl. P. Aucuparia 
Ehrh., the rowan or mountain ash, P. Malus L. the apple, &c. The 
receptacle is hollowed out and united to the syncarpous ovary. The 
firs, are protogynous, and are visited by bees and many other insects. 
Several varieties of pear (P. conununis L.) are self-sterile (see Waite 
in Bull. U.S. Agric. Dept. 1894). After fertilisation the fruit becomes 
a large fleshy pseudocarp ( pome ), the flesh consisting of the enlarged 
receptacle, while the gynoeceum forms the core. Several sp. are 
cultivated for their fruit, e.g. P. Malus L. (apple), P. communis L. 
(pear), P. Cydonia L. (quince), P. germanica Hook. f. (medlar). P. 
japonica Thunb. is often grown upon walls. 
Quamoclit Tourn. ex Moench= Ipomcea Linn. 
Quercus (Tourn.) Linn. (incl. Pasania Oerst.). Fagaceae. 300 sp. N. 
temp., Indo-mal., Pacific coasts, &c. The oaks are evergreen or 
deciduous trees, in the latter case especially with well-developed 
winter buds. The cupule contains 1 ? fir. only (see order), and forms 
the acorn-cup at the base of the nut in fruit. Some sp. of the subgenus 
Pasania have 3 ? firs. The c? firs, are solitary in pendulous catkins. 
Anemophilous. Many sp. are important economic plants. Among 
the most noteworthy are: Q. Aegilops L. (E. Eur., Orient), whose 
cupules and unripe acorns, known as Valonia, are used in tanning, 
Q. alba L. (N. Am.), the white or Quebec oak (timber), Q. Cerris L. 
(Eur., Orient), the Turkey oak (timber), Q. Ilex L. (Medit.), the 
holly oak (timber, bark for tanning), Q. Robur L. (Eur., W. As.), 
the British oak (it has two forms, sessilijlora Salisb., and pedunculata 
Ehrh.), yielding timber and tan-bark, Q. Suber L. (Medit.) the cork 
oak, whose bark, stripped off in thick layers and flattened, forms 
ordinary cork, Q. tinctoria Bartr. (N. Am.), whose bark (Quercitron 
bark) forms a yellow dye, and many others. 
Quiina Aubl. Quiinaceae. 16 sp. trop. S. Am. 
Quiinaceae. Dicotyledons (Archichl. Parietales). 2 gen. with 19 sp. 
trop. S. Am. Placed in Guttiferae by Benth. -Hooker. 
Quillaja Molina. Rosaceae (1. 2). 3 sp. S. Am. Q. Saponaria Molina 
is the soap-tree of Chili ; the powdered bark gives a lather with water. 
Quinaria Rafin. = Vitis Tourn. 
Quisqnalis Linn. Combretaceae. 4 sp. trop. Afr., As. Q. itidica L. 
is best known. “Up to a height of 1 m. this shrub grows erect with 
