566 
SCE OPHULARIA CEAE 
secreting disc. G (2), medianly placed (not obliquely as in Solanaceae), 
2-loc., with axile placentae. Ovules usually 00 , less commonly few 
(e.g. Veronica &c.), anatropous. Style simple or bilobed. Fruit 
surrounded below by the persistent calyx, usually a capsule (dehiscent 
in various ways) or a berry. Seeds usually numerous, small, with 
endosperm. Embryo straight or slightly curved. 
Most of the order have firs, more or less adapted to insect-visits^ 
Muller divides them into 4 types: (1) the Verbascum or Veronica 
type (see genera) with open fir. and short tube (bees and flies), 
(2) the Scrophularia type (wasps), (3) the Digitalis and Linaria type 
with long wide tubes and the essential organs so placed as to touch 
the back of the insect (bees), and (4) the Euphrasia type or ‘ loose- 
pollen’ fir. (p. 98), where the pollen is loose and powdery, and the 
anthers (protected by the upper lip of the fir.) are provided with 
spines &c., so that they may be shaken upon the entrance of the insect, 
which thus receives a shower of pollen on its head. The firs, are 
seldom markedly dichogamous, but the stigma usually projects beyond 
the sta. so as to be first touched by a visitor. Most of the firs, are 
capable of self- fertilisation in default of insect-visits. For further 
details see genera. 
In Linaria &c. (q.v.) there sometimes appears a terminal fir. to the 
raceme, and this exhibits the phenomenon of peloria, having a sym- 
metrical corolla with spurs to all the petals (cf. Ruta, or compare 
Aquilegia with Delphinium). 
A number of the S. are or have been officinal e.g. Digitalis; most 
of them are poisonous. Many are favourite garden and greenhouse 
plants, e.g. Calceolaria, Mimulus, Pentstemon, Antirrhinum, Linaria, 
Veronica, Collinsia &c. 
Classification and chief genera (after von Wettstein) : 
A. The two posterior corolla-teeth (or the upper lip) cover the 
lateral teeth in bud. 
I. PSE UDOSOLANEAE (all leaves usually alt. ; 5 sta. often 
present) : 
1. Verbasceae (corolla with very short tube or none, rotate or' 
shortly campanulate) : Verbascum, Celsia. 
2. Aptosimeae (corolla with long tube) : Aptosimum. 
II. ANTIRRHINOIDEAE (lower leaves at least opp. ; the 5th 
sta. wanting or staminodial) : 
a. Corolla 2-lipped; lower lip concave, bladder-like. 
4. Calceolarieae : Calceolaria. 
/ 3 . Corolla almost actinomorphic, or 2 -lipped with flat or 
convex lips. 
3. Hemimerideae (dehiscent capsule; corolla spurred or saccate 
at base, with no tube) : Alonsoa 
5. Antirrhineae (as 3, but with tube): Linaria, Antirrhinum,. 
Maurandia, Rhodochiton. 
