854 
TOTANUS CALIDRIS. 
shore and the sides of large rivers than to inland waters. At the Sambliur Lake it is rare, but is recorded as 
returning as early as the 25th July. It remains in the Guzerat district until May, according to Capt. Butler. 
Eastward of the Bay it is abundant : it occurs in large quantities, writes Dr. Armstrong, between Elephant 
Point and China Bakeer, and along the margins of the nullahs and creeks in the vicinity. In Tenasserim it is 
“common throughout the province during the cool season, alike on the coast and in and on every little pool.” 
In the Nicobars it has not been noticed ; but in the Andamans it is found along the salt-water creeks, is 
quite common from September till May, and has been killed in June in winter plumage {Hume). It has been 
recorded from Singapore, and in Java it was obtained by Herr Kuhl and Van Hassclt. In Borneo it has 
been obtained in the south at Pagattan, Pontianak, and Sarawak. Forsten procured it in Celebes; and Lord 
T weeddale includes it in his list of the birds of that island ; but Dr. Meyer, during his recent explorations in 
that island, docs not seem to have met with it. According to Swinhoe it winters in China, being generally 
distributed there; hut I find no mention of its occurrence in Formosa, although lie got it in Hainan. Pere 
David speaks of it as common in the two seasons of passage. In the Philippines it has been obtained by 
Cuming. It does not appear to have been noticed in Japan; but on the south coast of the Sea of Okhotsk 
and in the Shantar Island Yon Middendorff shot it in August. Schrenclc did not meet with it in Amurland, 
nor in the territory of Iakoutsk ; nor does Mr. Seebohm record it from the Yeuesay. It is therefore evident 
that in Asia, as in Europe, it has not a high northerly summer range, being content to breed in lower lati- 
tudes than many of its relatives. Prjevalsky writes of it as follows ; — “ Breeds sparingly in the Iloang-ho 
valley and about the shores of small rivers in South-east Mongolia, whither it migrates in the end of March, 
about which time it was also numerous at Koko-nor, and in August, during migration, about the rain-puddles in 
Gobi. We did not find it in the Ussuri country.” In Yarkand Stoliczka noticed it during the first half of the 
winter, and Scully obtained it as early as March in the same locality ; he writes as follows : — “ The first 
specimen of the Redshank was obtained at Kashgar in November, where it was tolerably common ; and after 
that it was not met with until March ; and in May and June this species swarmed everywhere near water in 
the vicinity of Yarkand. The bird was also found in the valley of the Karakash towards the end of August.” 
In Turkestan it occurs on passage, according to Severtzoff, and breeds rarely in grassy steppes and in cultivated 
districts up to an altitude of 4000 feet. As regards Persia, Mr. Blanford writes : — “ The Redshank probably 
breeds in the Persian highlands at the Lake of Shiraz and other places. De Filippi met with it in July near 
Sultaniah.” In Baluchistan it was occasionally seen by him. Canon Tristram met with it in Palestine in the 
winter only ; and in Asia Minor it is spoken of as being common on marshy ground, and observed until the 
13th of May {Hanford). 
In Europe it is very abundant, and breeds in some countries, notably in Spain. Here Mr. Saunders 
found it common in the summer and nesting in marshes. Col. Irby states ; — “ I found the common Red- 
shank in some numbers at the lakes of Ras Dowra towards the end of April ; and they were then evidently 
beginning to nest. They were not in any thing like the quantity which breed in some parts of the marismas 
of the Guadalquivir. ... In Andalucia this Redshank is, though frequently seen in winter, chiefly migratory, 
passing north in great abundance mostly towards the middle of April.” In France, Germany, Holland, and 
England it is resident. In the Low countries Mr. Labouchere says it is the most common Wader after the 
Lapwing. In many parts of England, but chiefly on the east coast, it is found in considerable numbers, but 
does not breed so plentifully now as in former days. In North Frisia Mr. Durnford found it breeding 
in numbers ; and Naumann states that it is common on the shores of the Baltic. It migrates as far north as 
Finland, arriving there in May ; but it does not appear to reach more easterly districts, if we are to judge by 
its absence from the Petchora, such a notable breeding-place of Waders. In a westerly direction, however, its 
range extends to Iceland, where it is even resident. 
It winters in Morocco, leaving for the north in March and April, and returning in September, according 
to Favier. It is common in certain localities on the west coast (Senegambia, Ashantee, &c.) ; and Captain 
Shelley met with it in numbers at the mouths of rivers on the Gold Coast. It wanders as far south as the 
Cape, but is not so numerous in South Africa as others of the group. Layard remarks that it is found 
sparingly about the Knysna estuary and the mouth of the Salt River, near Cape Town ; at a place called Zoe- 
tendals vley it was abundant in November. He also records it as having been shot by collectors at Lake 
N garni . 
