TKINGOIDES HYPOLEUCI7S. 
(THE COMMON SANDPIPER.) 
Tringa hypoleucos, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766). 
Actitis hypoleucos (Linn.), 111. Prod. Syst. Mam. et Av. p. 262 (1811); Gould, B. of Eur. iv. 
pi. 316 (1837); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 267 (1849); Schrenck, Reisen u. 
Forsch. Amur-L. p. 417 (1860); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Scolopaces, p. 80 (1864); Jerdon, 
B. of Ind. iii. p. 699 (1864) ; Gould, Handb. B. of Austr. ii. p. 263 (1865) ; Layard, B. of 
S. Africa, no. 616 (1867) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474 ; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 258 
(1872); Henderson & Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 289 (1873); Gould, B. of Gt. 
Brit. iv. pi. 58 (1873) ; Legge,Ibis, 1874, p. 29 ; id. J. A. S. (Ceylon Br.) p. 53 (1874) ; 
Scully, Str. Feath. 1876, p. 188 ; Seebohm & Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 292 ; Ball, 
Str. Feath. 1878, vii. p. 228. 
Totanus hypoleucos (Linn.), Temm. Man. p. 424 (1815); Sykes, Cat. B. Dukhun, P. Z. S. 
1832, p. 163; Kelaart, Prodromus, Cat. p. 134 (1852); Layard, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. 1854, xiv. p. 265 ; Irby, B. of Gibraltar, p. 168 (1875) ; Dresser, B. of Eur. 
pt. 61, 62 (1877). 
Tringoides hypoleucos (Linn.), G. R. Gray, Gen. B. p. 88 (1841); Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 406 ; Salvador!, Ucc. di Born. p. 326 (1874) ; Von Heuglin, Orn. N.Ost-Afr. ii. p. 172 
(1873) ; Hume, Str. Feath. 1874, p. 299 ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. 1875, ix. p. 234 ; Hume, 
Nests & Eggs, iii. p. 588 (1875); Armstrong, Str. Feath. 1876, p. 344; Hume, t.c. 
p. 465; Blanford, Zool. Persia, p. 285 (1876); Davison & Hume, Str. Feath. 1878 
(B. of Tenass.), p. 463 ; Flume, ibid. 1879 (List B. of Ind.) p. 113 ; Blakiston & Pryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 220. 
Actitis empusa, Gould, B. of Austr. vi. pi. 35 (1848). 
Guinetta, Brisson ; Petite Alouette de mer, Buffon ; The Common Longshank (!), Kelaart ; 
The Simmer Snipe in England ; Sandpiper, Snippet, Sportsmen in Ceylon ; Andarios , 
Spanish (Irby). Potti ulanka, Telugu (Jerdon); Tilla, Musda, Sindh (Blyth) ; Trim l 
hatu, Java; Junggit-junggit, Borneo (Mottley) ; Kiboranto, Madagascar (Newton); 
Alouette, Seychelles (Newton) ; Krungi, tschitsche, Amoor Land (Schrenck) ; Kotan, 
Ceylonese Tamils. 
Watuwci, Sinhalese. 
Adult male and female (Ceylon). Length 7'8 to 8-2 inches ; wing 4-2 to 4-5, expanse 13-5 : tail 2-25 ; tarsus 0-9 to 
1-0 ; middle toe and claw 0-97 to 1-02 ; bill to gape 1-02 to 1-15. 
Iris brown ; bill deep brown or dark plumbeous, the base yellowish or pale beneath ; tibia, knees, and feet dusky 
greenish ; tarsi greenish grey, in some immature birds pale bluish. 
Winter plumage (Ceylon). Upper surface, from head to tail, including the scapulars, tertials, and wing-coverts, olive- 
brown glossed with green, less on the head and hind neck than elsewhere ; all the feathers with a dark brown 
shaft-stripe, broader on the upper back and scapulars than on the hind neck, and expanding on the interscapular 
region into a central patch ; scapulars and tertials pencilled near the tips with black ; wing-coverts and lower 
back with many cross marks of browu, some of the greater series with white tips ; primaries and secondaries 
olive-brown, the former with the basal portion of the inner webs white, extending to the second quill, and in 
some only to the third ; tips of the secondaries white ; shaft of the 1st quill whitish near the tip ; winglet and 
primary-coverts with white edges to the outermost feathers; central tail-feathers with a dark tip, remainder 
