SPATULA CLTPEATA. 
1089 
winter ; but further south I imagine it is only of accidental occurrence. I find no record of its having been 
observed on the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal ; but on its migration to the Mongolian regions it no doubt 
passes up the valley of the Brahmapootra, and thence from the confines of Assam to Koko-nor and the Hoang, ho 
valley, where Prjevalsky found it not uncommon in March. Some few remain to breed at Lake Hanka, but 
the majority move on. In China it is common in winter, as also in Formosa. To the north it is found 
throughout Amoor Land, extending to Japan and Kamtchatka. Moving westward now, we find it inhabiting 
the plains of Kashghar in November and December, but not remaining throughout the winter ; in Turkestan 
we have Severtzoff’s authority for its breeding, and being found on passage, in the east and north-west of that 
country; and further north it has been met with in Western Siberia, and occurs, though not commonly, on 
the Yenesay as far as the Arctic circle, where Mr. Seebohm procured it. In various parts of Palestine it was 
obtained by Canon Tristram, and thence westwards it is found in Asia Minor and also in Southern Europe, 
including Greece and the Mediterranean islands, as a bird of passage from Northern Africa (where it is very 
abundant in winter) to the northern parts of the first-named continent. Here it occurs in Scandinavia up to 
the Arctic circle, and in Russia as far as the White Sea, being very abundant in the Delta of the Dwina in 
the breeding-season, though not so much so on the Petchora further east. It likewise breeds in Central 
Europe, but in Hungary it is only seen on migration. It is a summer visitant to England and Scotland, 
breeding in Norfolk, Durham, and Northumberland, as also in Scotland as far north as Elgin. Turning to 
the south, again, it is not uncommon in Spain and Portugal, and is met with in considerable numbers near 
the Straits from October until April. In Morocco and in Algeria it is common, breeding in the latter country ; 
and in Egypt it is very abundant, wandering south to the White and Blue Nile, and has been met with the 
whole year round by Yonlleuglin in Abyssinia, at an elevation of from 6000 to 8000 feet. Should the South- 
African species prove to be the same, the range of this Shoveller will extend to the neighbourhood of Cape 
back, and wings dull olive-grey, excepting the spot on the shoulder, which, with the rest of the body, is pale 
yellowish grey ; iris dark brown ; bill reddish brown, with the nail white ; feet ash-grey, with a greenish tinge, 
webs and toes narrowly edged with yellowish white.” {Dresser, fide Bdldamus .) 
Young male. “ Resembles the female, but has the crest much fuller and more rufous iu colour, in tinge much closer 
to that of the male, only duller.” (Dresser.) 
Young female (Yarkand). Wing 8-9 inches. “Bill dusky above, brownish below; legs and feet dusky, yellowish 
green in parts.” (Scully.) 
Distribution. — A Duck, identified with the Red-crested Pochard, was met with by Layard in the Jaffna peninsula, 
concerning which he writes as follows : — “ I introduce this species with a mark of doubt, because I only know them 
through my telescope. I saw two or three pairs for several weeks on a piece of brackish water between Jaffna and 
Chavagacherry ; they would not allow me to get within 250 or 300 yards of them, and I therefore never managed to shoot 
one. A head of F. rufina, however, which I received from Calcutta, was identified by a native as of a bird he knew and 
had killed on that very piece of water, though he had not seen them elsewhere.” Subsequently he writes me that he is 
sure he identified the bird correctly ; but, in accordance with the practice adopted throughout the work, I doubtfully 
introduce the species into it. According to Jerdon it is found throughout the greater part of India, but is more rare iu the 
south. I find it recorded recently from the Deccan (Fairbank), from several parts of Chota Nagpur, in the Manbhum 
district of which province it is not rare (Ball), as being very common near Calcutta, as a straggler from Furreedpore ; 
and on the north-western side of the peninsula, as found in Cutch, Kattiawar, Sindh, Guzerat, and Jodhpoor. It occurs 
on large tanks in Guzerat, and on lakes in Siudh ; and is common at Sambhur in the cold weather (Adam). It likewise 
is found in the Punjab, Cashmere, and Oudh. It breeds throughout Turkestan, and is resident in the south-west of that 
country ; at Yarkand it is a summer visitor (Scully). It does not appear to extend into Central Asia, but ranges west- 
ward through Palestine to South-eastern Europe, where it is found in Greece, Turkey, Southern Russia, and also in 
Hungary, extending thence into Bohemia and Southern Germany. It is found in Italy, Malta, Sardinia, and Sicily, 
breeding in the two latter islands. In Spain it is mostly confined to the east coast, being common at Valencia, and very 
