DISSUKA EPISCOPA. 
(THE WHITE-NECKED STORK.) 
Ardea episcopus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 54 (1783). 
Ardea leucocephalus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 642 (1788). 
Ciconia leucocephala (Gm.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 277 (1849) ; Layard, Ann. & 
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, xiv. p. 114; Jerdon, B. of Ind. iii. p. 737 (1864). 
Ciconia episcopus (Bodd.), Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 477; Yon Heuglin, Orn. N.Ost-Afr. 
ii. p. 1108 (1873). 
Melanopelargus episcopus (Bodd.), Salvadori, Uccelli di Born, p.356 (1874); Hume, Nests 
and Eggs, iii. p. 609 (1875); id. Str. Feath. 1878 (B. of Ten ass.), p. 469. 
Dissura episcopus (Bodd.), Hume, Str. Feath. 1879 (List B. of Ind.), p. 114. 
Violet Heron , Lath.; Beef -steak bird in India; Parson bird (from its white neck), Europeans 
in Ceylon. Manik jor, Hind., also Bali, Sanku buda koncja, Telugu ; Saudang-lawe , 
Java (Horsf.) ; Mana koku, Vanatay koku in Manaar. 
Padre-koka, lit. “ Parson bird,” Sinhalese. 
Adult male and female (Ceylon). Length 32'0 to 32-5 inches ; wing 18-0 to 18-5; tail 7‘0 to 7'5 ; bare tibia 4-0 ; 
tarsus G'O to 6'5 ; middle toe 3-3 to 3'5 ; hind toe 1'2 ; expanse 67-0 ; bill to gape 5-8 to 5-9, at front 5-5. — 
Male and female (Nepal). Length 35-3 to 37 - 0 inches ; wing 19 - G to 20-5 ; tail 7‘6 to 8-2 ; tarsus 6-7 to 7-0 : 
bill from gape 6T to 6-9 ; weight 4 lb. 8 oz. to 6 lb. 1 oz. ; expanse 70-0 to 74-0 (Scully). — Male (Pegu). Length 
36‘0 inches ; wing 20-6 ; tail 8-0 ; tarsus 6-9 ; bill from gape 6-8 (Oates). 
Iris scarlet, with a yellow disk in the sclerotic or space surrounding the iris ; bill black, changing to red at the tips of 
both mandibles, margins red ; frontal and facial bare skin leaden ; legs and feet dusky red, the edges of the webs 
whitish. In a specimen apparently not quite adult the iris is reddish orange, with a bluish-brown outer circle. 
Bare skin along the ulna rermilion-red. 
Genus CICONIA. 
Bill smaller than in the preceding genera, straight ; culmen keeled ; nostrils narrow and linear. Wings with the 
2nd and 3rd quills the longest. Legs long. Toes short, flattened, bordered by a narrow membrane at the sides and 
webbed at the base. 
CICONIA ALBA. 
(tiie white stork.) 
Ardea ciconia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 235 (1766). 
Ciconia alba, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 41 (1793); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 276(1849); Jerdon, B. of 
Ind. iii. p. 736 (1864) ; Dresser, B. of Eur. pt. 19 (1873); Hume, Str. Feath. 1879, p. 114 (List B. of Ind.). 
La Cigogne, Buff. Ois. viii. p. 117 ; Cegonha, Portuguese. Lag-lag, Haji lag-lag. Hind. 
Adult female (Furreedpore) . Length 51-75 inches; wing 24-0, expanse 77-5 ; tail 9-75; tarsus 8-5; bill from gape 
7'75, at front 7'10 (Cripps). — Adult (Egypt: Brit. Mus.). Wing 23-75 inches; tail 9-5; tarsus 7-8; middle 
toe and claw 3-4 ; bill to gape 7 - 7, at front 6-7. — Adult (England : B. Mus.). Wing 24-5 inches ; tail 9-0 : 
