PYCNOIs^OTTJS HJ:M0EEH0TJS. 
(THE MADEAS BULBUL.) 
Muscicapa hcemorrhoma, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 941 (1788). 
Hcematornis fusilhis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1841, x. p. 841. 
Pycnmotus Jicemorrhous, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, xiv. p. 506 ; id. Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. 
p. 209 (1849): Kelaart, Prodromus, Cat. p. 123 (1852); Layard, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. 1854, xiii. p. 125 ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 240 (1854) ; 
Jerdon, B. of Ind. ii. p. 94 (1863) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 8 ; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 451; 
Ball, Str. Feath. 1874, p. 292; Butler & Hume, ibid. 1875, p. 473. 
Ixos cafer, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 88. 
Molimstes chrysorrhoides, Adam & Hume, Str. Feath. 1873, p. 378. 
Moljmstes pusillus, Hume, Nests and Eggs, ii. p. 291 (1874). 
Molpastes Jicemorrhous, Fairbank, Str. Feath. 1877, p. 405. 
Red-vented Flycatcher, Brown, 111. Zool. pi. 31. fig. 1 (1776). Bulbul, Hind. ; TonJci bulbul, 
Bengal. ; Pigli pitta, Telugu; Konda lati, Tam. in India (Jerdon). TJie Ceylon Nightingale 
of some in Ceylon. 
Kondd-Jcurulla, Sinhalese ; Kondacla, Tamil, lit. “ Topknot bird,” from the crest ; The Con- 
datchee Bulbul (Kelaart) ; Pastro Jcondache, Portuguese in Ceylon. 
MaU. Length 7-6 to 8-0 inches ; wing 3-75 ; tail 3-2 ; tarsus 0-85 ; mid toe and claw 0-86 ; hind toe and claw 0-6 ; hill 
to gape 0-78. 
Iris deep brown ; bill black ; legs and feet dark or sepia^brown. 
Entire head, chin, and throat black, not so intense on the throat, and with the ear-coverts inclining to brown ; the 
feathers of the back of head elongated and capable of being erected at will ; hind neck, back, wings, chest, upper 
part of breast, and thigh-coverts sepia-brown of various shades, deepest adjoining the black of the head and throat, 
palest on the breast, and edged with greyish white everywhere but on the lower flanks ; the edgings are whitest 
on the sides of the neck, where they coalesce to form a white streak next the black of the throat ; quills pale- 
edged exteriorly ; tail blackish brown, broadly tipped with white ; under tail-coverts shining crimson. 
Birds from high altitudes, such as the upper parts of Uva and about Hakgala have the edgings of the feathers more 
albescent than low-country specimens, and the whole plumage has a paler appearance. 
Young. The black of the head and throat not so intense ; and the upper surface with less plainly defined edgings of 
fulvous grey ; quills margined externally with rusty brownish ; tail with an obsolete black terminal band, a dusky 
whitish tip, and the base paler than in the adult ; vent and under tail-coverts reddish. 
Ots. Some doubt exists as to the true specific name for this species. It has been of late referred to under Blyth’s title 
Pycnonotus pusillus, which was held by this naturalist, in his commentary on Jerdon’s ‘ Birds of India ’ (Ibis, 1867 
p. 8), to be alone applicable to the Madras Bulbul, on the ground that the Muscicapa hmnorrhoiim of Gmelin 
referred to a Chinese species {Ixos chrysorrhoides). It does not, however, appear to me that this is a matter 
beyond dispute, particularly as one of the localities given by Gmelin for his species was Ceylon (Syst. Nat. i. p. 941). 
I prefer, therefore, not to depart from the nomenclature adopted by .lerdon and others; and I observe that 
Mr. Hume, in his later notices of this bird, applies Gmelin’s title to it. This peculiarly Indian genus of Bulbuls 
runs through a series of closely-allied species ixom P. pygmm, the large northern representative of the present, to 
P. atricapillus, which is common in the north of Tenasserim. The first-named bird differs from ours in its 
plumage by having the ear-coverts glossy chestnut-brown, and the black of the head descending upon the hind neck, 
where it pales into the blackish brown of the back— thus being a much darker bird above, while in the lower parts 
it is paler. The wings of Nepal, Himalayan, and Assam specimens which I have examined vary from 4-1 to 
4-2 inches. P. nigropileus, a more eastern race than the last, found in Tenasserim, differs, says Blyth, from 
P. Immorrhows “ in having no black on the throat and breast, which are brown, with greyish margins to the 
