lOEA TIPHIA. 
(THE COMMON BUSH-BULBUL*.) 
Iota tijpMa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 331 (1776) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 214 (1849); 
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 266 (1854) ; Layard, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. 1853, xii. p. 267 ; Jerdon, B. of Ind. ii. p. 103 (1863) ; Armstrong, Str. Feath. 
1876, p. 326 ; Hume, ibid. 1877, p. 428. 
lora multicolor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Linn. i. p. 924 (1788). 
lora zeylonica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Linn. i. p. 964 (1788); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. 
p. 213 (1849); Kelaart, Prodromus, Cat. p. 121 (1852); Layard, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. 1853, xii. p. 267 ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 267 (1854) ; Jerdon, 
B. of Ind. ii. p. 101 (1863) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 452 ; Butler, Str. Feath. 1875, 
p. 473. 
lora scapularis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 152 (1821). 
JEgithina zeylonica, Hume, Str. Feath. 1873, p. 438. 
Mgithina typhia. Ball, Str. Feath. 1874, p. 411 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, ii. p. 295 (1874) ; 
id. Str. Feath. 1875, p. 129. 
The Green Indian Warbler, The Ceylon Warbler, and The Green-rumped, Finch (Latham) ; 
The Ceylon Blackcap, Brown ; The Ceylon Bush-creeper, Kelaart ; The Black-headed 
Green Bulbul and The White-winged Green Bulbul, Jerdon. Shouhiga, Hind. ; Patsu 
jitta, Telugu ; Pacha pora, Tam. in India, lit. “ Green Bird ;” Chak tuk, Bengal. (Jerd.). 
Kirikahaye and Ka-kurulla, lit. “ Yellow Bird,” Sinhalese (Layard) ; Mam palla kuruvi, 
Ceylonese Tamuls, lit. “ Mango-fruit Bird.” 
Adult male and female. Length 5‘2 to 5-6 inches ; wing 2-4 to 2-6 ; tail 1-7 to 2-0 ; tarsus 0-8 ; mid toe and claw 
0-6 ; bill to gape 0'72 to 0-75. 
Male (black plumage). Iris grey, mottled with brown, occasionally hazel-brown ; bill, upper mandible black, with a 
clearly defined blue edge ; lower mandible dusky blue with a bluish margin ; legs and feet slate-blue, claws black. 
September (Colombo). Lores, top of the head, hind neck, wings, and tail deep black ; the back and rump intermixed 
with dark olive-green, the centres of the feathers being of this colour ; the terminal half of the median wing- 
coverts, the tips of the greater coverts, and the inner webs of the lower scapulars white (the latter forming a 
concealed tuft, except when the bird is in flight) ; middle prijuaries with a faint white edge ; face, ear-coverts, 
throat, sides of neck, and under surface, with the under tail-coverts, rich yellow, most brilliant on the throat and 
chest; low'er flank-feathers white and much elongated; under surface of quills at the base w’hite. 
This example, in w'hich the breeding-plumage is as perfect as in any that I have seen from Ceylon, is in moult and 
patting on the dark upper surface ; the greater wmg-coverts are more tipped in one wing than in the other. The 
iris is quite brown. An individual shot in January (Colombo) is in the same plumage, but the greater wing- 
coverts are more tipped with white ; the iris is hazel, mottled with grey. Amother, shot in October (Colombo), 
is in the dark dress, but the back-feathers are merely smeared with black, imparting a sooty-green appearance, 
and the lower wing-bar is wider than in the two foregoing ; the yellow of the under surface is not nearly so 
brilliant, which is invariably the case when the upper surface is not very black. 
Green plumage : June (Glalle). Iris grey ; bill, legs, and feet as above; head, hind neck, back, and rump olive-green, 
slightly smeared with black on the tips of the nape-feathers ; wings and' tail black, the upper wing-band broad, 
* This seems to me to be the most suitable name to apply to this species. 
