622 
COEYDALLA EICHAEDI. 
Winter (Ceylon). Above sepia-brown ; head and back more or less deeply margined with ochreous gi’ey or brownish 
buff, the edgings on the back of the neck generally paler than elsewhere ; wings and tail deeper brown than the 
back ; the tertials, major wing-coverts, and centre tail-feathers boldly margined with brownish buff ; outer 
primary with a white edge ; lateral tail-feathers white, except at the base of inner web ; the next pair with more 
brown on the inner web, and the next with a white outer edge ; above the eye a broad streak of buff ; lores and 
face mingled ochreous and brown, with a dark streak on the lower part of the cheek ; beneath buff-white, the 
chin paler than the fore neck ; a dark stripe on each side of the throat ; chest and flanks washed with fulvous, 
the former with dark centres to the feathers ; under wing buff, the longer feathers rufescent at the tips. 
Ol>s. This species is said to have a summer plumage which is darker and more distinctly edged than that of the winter 
bird. I have not been able to detect much difference myself. An example shot in May at Glalle, just on the 
point of leaving for northern parts, is no darker than winter specimens, although the edgings of the upper- 
surface feathers are more ochraceous ; new feathers are being acquired on the chest, which are more fulvous than 
the old ones. One autumn Heligoland example is someivlicU darker than my winter series from Cejdon ; but this 
may be a local peculiarity. 
Young (nestling : Yenesay, mus. Seebohm). Centres of head-feathers very dark brown, the margins rufescent ; back- 
feathers narrowly edged with whitish ; wing-coverts very broadly margined with whitish and rufous ; outer tail- 
feathers, with the base of the inner web blackish, sloping to a point at an inch from the tip, the adjacent pair 
blackish, the tip of the inner web white, running up the web ; ear-coierts fulvous ; a hroad, darlc, complete stripe 
down each side of the throat; the chest and fore neck wdth broad, blackish, central, drop-shaped markings. 
Tmmatvre birds in Ceylon have the legs duskier than the adults ; lores not so dark ; the edgings of the upper surface 
paler, the centre of the back not presenting that uniform appearance which old birds have ; the throat less 
fidvescent, the stripes on each side conspicuous, aud the striae of the chest more pronounced. 
Ohs. Examples of this Pipit vary somewhat according to locality. Some specimens from China are particularly dark; 
and the hind claws and bills of these Eastern birds seem to bo shorter than those from Europe and India. In five 
specimens the claw varies from 0’4 to 0'7 inch ; the wings from 3'7 to 3-8 ; tail from 3'3 to 3'4 ; bill from gape 
to tip 0-75 to 0-8. Two adults from Heligoland, with shorter wings (3-5 to 3'6 inches), measure each in the bill 
0-8, and in the hind claw 0-62 and 0-7 respectively. The chests in the China birds have the same fulvous wash on 
the chest and the same softened brown stripes that our winter birds in Ceylon have. A specimen from Siam 
corresponds exactly with these Chinese birds. 
Dr. Armstrong gives the dimensions of examples shot in the Irrawaddy delta as — wings 3-4S to 3-7 inches, bill 
from gape 0'8 to 0-85 ; Mr. Cripps of Eurreedpore specimens — length 7’75 to 8'16 inches, wings 3-5 to 3-75, bill 
from gape 0-76 to 0'8f3, hind claw 0-7 to 0-83. A Yarkand bird shot by Dr. Scidly measures — length 8-0 inches, 
wing 3-95, tail 3-3, bill from gape 0'85. The majority of these Indian birds appear to exceed slightly those I 
have examined from Europe; but I have not seen a large series of the latter. Mr. Bi-ooks, in his table of 
measurements of this and 0. striolata (Sir. Eeath. i. p. 3G0), gives the hind claw at 0'65 to 0'7. 
Distribution. — This large Pipit is migratory to Ceylon, arriving at the beginning of October and departing 
as late as the middle of May, about which time I have procured examples in the Galle district. It is widely 
diffused through the low country, affecting chiefly the maritime regions. It is particularly numerous on 
the pastui’es lying on both banks of the Virgel, and likewise on the open lands and grass-cheenas to the 
south of Batticaloa. In the west it is abundant at Puttalam, Negomho, Colombo, and other places on the coast. 
In the south it is frequently met with about Galle and Matara, hut becomes scarcer tow’ards the east. It is 
probable that the large species of Pipit I ohserv^ed in the Hambantota district belonged to this species and not to 
C. striolata. In the Central Province it inhabits some of the lower highlands and patnas ; but I do not know 
that it ranges to any altitude. It is common all through the Jaffna peninsula and in the islands adjacent. 
We may safely assume that this Pipit is only a cold-weather visitant to the whole of India, as Mr. Hume 
states ; though it breeds at Ladak it does not do so at Simla, nor, I conclude, at any station on the southern 
slopes of the range. Jerdon sketches out its distribution in India as follows: — “It is found from Nepal 
aud the Himalayas to the extreme south ; more rare in Southern India, especially in the Carnatic, but 
tolerably common, indeed abundant, in Lower Bengal. It is also found in Burmah and other countries to 
the eastward.^’ As regards the various localities here referred to, we find that of late years Mr. Ball records 
