COETDALLA EICHAEDI. 
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it from Bardwan, Nowargarli, and Karial, and that Mr. Cripps says that it is common in Furreedpore. At 
Assensole, on the borders of the province of Chota Nagpur^ it is, according to Mr. Brooks, not so common as 
its two congeners next referred to here. We do not find it recorded from the hill-districts in Southern India; 
but this is only natural, as it is essentially a bird of the low country. In the dry north-west of India it does 
not seem to locate itself at all, as it is not found in Sindh or Eajpootana ; in fact, as regards this part of 
Asia, it has more of an easterly than a westerly distribution. On the opposite side of the Bay it evidently 
locates itself near the eoast, as Mr. Oates did not find it up country in Pegu, whereas Dr. Armstrong says that 
it is extremely abundant in the paddy-fields near Elephant Point in the Irrawaddy delta ; it likewise oceurs in 
the maritime province of Tenasserim, in all cultivated and open lands throughout it. In the Andamans it was 
procured at Pt. Blair in April, but was not met with so far south as the Nicobars. It has been met with in 
Siam, and is found throughout China in the winter, also in Hainan, and rarely in Formosa. 
Turning northwards now, in order to trace out its summer quarters, I observe that Dr. Scully states 
that it is a seasonal visitant to the plains of Eastern Turkestan, where it breeds ; he observed it there in June 
and July, but not in winter. Further east, in the little-known regions which he explored, Col. Prjevalski 
states that it breeds in limited numbers at Kan-su in Mongolia, and that it is tolerably abundant at Lake 
Hanka from the end of April until the beginning of September. It breeds on the steppes, avoiding the tall 
thick grass of the marshes. Mr. Seebohm found it breeding in great numbers on the Yenesay, and 
Dr. Dybowski met with it in Dauria. Severtzoff did not meet with it in Western Turkestan, nor does it 
appear to inhabit Palestine, although it is said to visit Smyrna by Dr. Kriiper. As regards North-eastern 
Africa, Shelley says nothing of it in Egypt, nor does Mr. T. Drake mention it as having been seen by him 
in Morocco. On the European side of the straits, however, we have Col. Irby’s evidence as to its occurrence 
at Gibraltar in passing in April, from which we infer that it must also be found on the African side 
too. Its distribution in Europe is somewhat noteworthy, for it seems to confine itself to the countries just on 
the north of the Mediterranean, on the east of which it inhabits South-eastern Eussia and on the west France, 
straying into England and up to Heligoland, and thence into Sweden and Norway (where it has very rarely 
occurred) ; whereas in the intervening region of Central Europe it is almost unknown, it having only once 
been met with there, and that near Vienna. Mr. Saunders obtained it at Malaga; and one of the first few' 
examples ever procured eame from the Pyrenees. In France and Lombardy it is well known ; in fact it was 
described by A^ieillot from specimens procured in Lorraine in 1815 by M. Richard; while in Lombardy it is said 
by Signor Bettoui to be a characteristic species. To England it is of course a visitor, arriving in autumn and 
departing in spring; and since the first specimen made known to science was obtained near London in 1812, 
about sixty have been recorded. It has chiefly, according to Professor Newton in his edition of Yarrell, 
occurred in the southern counties from Kent round to Cornwall, even having occasionally found its way to 
the Seilly Islands. Mr. John Hancock records three examples in his interesting catalogue as having occurred 
in Northumberland, and it has also been procured in Shropshire and Staffordshire. 
Habits (Ceylon) . — This Pipit is usually found consorting in scattered company with the common Titlark, 
C. nfula. It frequents pastures, particularly those covered with short grass or on which cattle are much 
fed, bare ground in the Jaffna peninsula, cheenas in the forest, and marsh-land. To the latter sort of locality, 
however, in Ceylon it is certainly not so partial as to the barest ground, although it has been named 
the Marsh-Pipit.” I have generally found it in long grass on wet marshes, either just after its arrival or 
before leaving the island for northern climes. It is a handsome bird in its carriage, holding itself erect, 
running swiftly, and frequently mounting on to some little eminence, where it stands pluming itself, and in 
this attitude is very apt to deceive the eye as to its size. It has a soft-sounding yet louder note than C. rufula, 
and constantly utters it, both on the ground and when flying with its rapid uudulatmg flight from one spot 
to another. It is as fond of dusting itself on roads as the next species, and on the Galle face, Colombo, 
where it is common, becomes discoloured with the red Kabook soil. It feeds on worms and grasshoppers, and 
often seizes a passing butterfly or insect on the wing. 
Mr. Brooks, who has devoted much attention to this species and C. striolata, has some interesting notes 
on his observations of it at Assensole in Bengal. He remarks that there it is particularly shy and difficult 
to shoot, and that its note is a soft double chirp, reminding one strongly of the note of a Bunting. The 
