146 
SOUTHEBN CULTIVATOR, 
to give attention to tbeir aitio <s, and at the close of the 
Exhibition to attend to tteir removal. 
[“Twenty or thirty SlvlA intelligent men (each of 
whom has made a special study of some particular branch of 
Agrloult»re, Horticulture, Manufactures, &c.,) are to be se- 
lected as and paid ^3 per day, during the Pair, for 
the faiiltful senA impartial discliarge cf their duties. It is 
hoped Hint this offer suitable remuneraticu for time and 
labor speat in the 8(}ciefcy''8 sea-vice, will call out men able and 
willing to work for its advancement, and that the incompetency 
and indifference of the Judges will no longer continue to be a 
matter of standing reproadi to aU Agricultural Societies con- 
ducted e» the v(duntai-y principle. We have strong hopes of 
good resolts from tiie proposed plan, and trust it uill be fairly 
tried .” — Southern Cultivator for Ap)il, 1856.] 
INSTRUCTIOK TO THE JUDGES, 
And the Superintendents rf the Different Departments. 
The Chairman of Committees selected for the next annual 
Fair are requested to report themselves to the Secretary 
on Moiiday moi-uing, October 20, 1856. 
In tio case must the J udges award a special or discretionary 
preminm. 
The J udges on animals will have regard to the symmetry, 
early matuiity, thorough b<*eediiig, and characteristics of the 
breeds which they judge. They will make proper allowances 
for the age, feeding and condition of the auiuiuls, er.peciaUy 
in the breeding classes. They are required not to give encour- 
agement to over-fed animats. 
No stodc of inferior quality shall be admitted within the 
Grounds ; and if any shall by accident be admitted, a com- 
mittee sliall bo appointed to examine and rule out of the 
Grounds at below a medium grade. 
The animals to which premiums shall be awarded, shall be 
led up for exhibition at the delivery of the premium, and so 
with other articles as may be convenient, and after or before 
the delivery of the premium, each animal whicli shall have 
taken a premium, shrll be designated by some badge of dis- 
tinction, and led into the ring and around it for exhibition of 
its superiority and high quality to the assembled crowd. 
N. B. — No peisou whatever will be allowed to interfere 
with the Juages, during their adjudication ; and any person 
who, by letter or otherwise, attempts an interference or bias 
from misrepresentations with the J udges, will be excluded as 
an houovable competitor. 
Tiie Superintendents will give particular direction to all 
articles iu tiieir respective departments, and see that all are 
arranged as near as may be in numerical order, to lessen 
and facilit-ate the labors of the J iidges iu their examinations. 
The Superintendents will attend each set of Judges in their 
respecfive depai tments, point out the different ai tieles or ani- 
mals to be exhibited; will attach prize cards to the articles, 
or flag's to the successful animals after the Judges’ reports 
shah have been made np and delivered to the Secretary. 
REPORTS OP JUDGES. 
The J udges will be expected, in all cases, to withhold pre- 
miums wliea the article or animal is not worthy, though there 
be no oonrpetition. 
Animats having received premiums of the Society at pre- 
vious exliibitioug, will not be allowed to compete for prizes 
again in Uie same class. 
FORAGE FOR STOCK. 
There will be a Forage Master on the ground, who will 
furukh grain oad forage at market price, to the owners oi 
stodc. 
Stalls wffl not be fumislied upon the Grounds of the Society 
for .uAiialy ov daugei-oua animals. 
ANNUAL ADDRESS. 
The Aimaal Addi*e«.ss before the Society will be delivei-ed 
at the public stand, at 11 o’clock on Thursday morning. 
AWARD OP PREMIUMS. 
’The preminms will be awarded from the Executive stand, 
at 10 o'clock oa Friday morning. 
SALES OP OTOCK. 
The Auction gale of Live Stock will take place on Wednes- 
day at 11 o‘clodk, A, M.; but the animals sold cannot be re- 
moved ffom the grounds until the close of .the Exliibition. 
POLICE. 
A wen regulated Police of the Society, aided by that of the 
city of Atlanta, will be on the grounds during the entire Ex- 
hibition, to preserve order. 
AH persons having business with the Society, or wish- 
ing information not he«-e furnished, will address the Secretary 
at Athens until the 12th of October. After that time at Atlanta, 
Ga, J. Camak, Secretary, 
Athens, Ga. 
DEEP PLOWING AND MANURING— REPLY OF 
“W. R,” 
EniTORs Southern Clltivator— T notice, with profit, 
your remarks in answer to “W. R.”on the subject of deep 
plowing, found in your iVlarch number. Isee that it does 
not matter how deep the under strata of all earths are 
broken ; it is the turning of the soils under, and the under 
strata upon top, with which I quarrel. You very proper- 
ly make i* ne<-essary to turn in large quantities of manure 
when lands are turned deep; but it is impossible in prac- 
tice, as it is the unfortunate fact with fanners that no one can 
find, raise or furnish manure enough to prepare but a very 
small part ofhis farm so much like the preparation of a 
garden spot. 
My first remarks in your March number were intended 
to ca I your attention to the giving us farmers the most 
directions under the circumstances surrounding 
us, I never believed that you would or ought to aban- 
don the prt)priety of breaking lands deep, but I thought it 
likely when farmers would tell you they could not raise 
manure enough to make a soil twelve or fifteen inches 
deep that you might advise the top soil in deep plowing 
not to be turned below the suifaceat all. and for the small 
quantifies of manure practicable for farmers to procure to 
he added to and incorporated with it, or some other such 
like, available course. 
I nm as certain as our Editors can be that the deep 
breaking of lands is necessary to the enlarging of our pro- 
ductions, but we differ materially in the philosophy by 
which the profit is produced. 
You say “that the roots of plants incline to run deep for 
moi^ture and nutriment, which makes it proper to turn in 
the manure deep, wliere it might be found by the roots, 
when running deep for moisture.” Now, my experience 
and oiiservation is that the feeding roots incline horizon- 
tally and near to the smf tee of the earth, and not down- 
ward ; that they ari^e and hunt for contact with the at- 
mosphere, and that it is the greater moisture coming from 
below l)y capillary attraction — proved by deep breaking 
and plowingot land — 'U'hich makes deep plmcing pnfitable. 
It seems to me that all plants have great use for and hunt 
far atmosphere. Indian corn, if planted deep, will actu- 
ally ri.-e— the grain will raise itself so' as to vegetate near 
the surface. It must be that the grain is either seeking the 
richness of the surface earth or making its arrangements 
to consort wiihthe atmosphere itself. 
It has long since been demonstrated that the atmosphere 
has much to do in furnishing food for plants, wood, &c. 
The weight of earth, in a box, in which many pounds of 
stalks or wood, had been grown, was found to be but little 
lessened by the production. It will not seem strange, 
then, that the roots of plants should run shallow — near 
the surface, as I have premised — and that the surface 
should be kept stirred and pulverized, so as to favor its 
union with the all-importantatmcsphere. Here I amholding 
doctrine adverse to your correspondent, “P.,” who seems 
to hold that “ ‘crusts’ of the earth should not be broken at 
all; that ‘crusts’ were but a series of little tubes favoring 
capillary attraction of moisture, &c.” I know the true 
doctrine of capillary attraction is, that moisture or liquid 
will rise higher in small than in large pores or tubes; but I 
cannot admit that in ‘crusts’ there are any tubes at all, for 
1 never saw a ‘crust' moistened by the rising of moisture 
from below I, therefore, must say to your corre.‘=pondents, 
‘ P.” and “J,,’’ that “crusts” must be broken by the plow 
or harrow of some sort, and be made pervious to both 
moisture and atmosphere. I have spoken freely of deep 
preparation by plowing before planting. 
A few words on shallow or deep cultivation of crops 
and I will close. 
Your correspondent, in the March number, Mr. Nor- 
wood, ofS. C., has given us an account of a very sue- 
