S 0 U T H E R N CULTIVATOR. 
SOI 
Rubble masonr}' (dry) per cubic yard S3 00 
Rubble masonr}', laid in mortar 4 25 
Brick masonry. do G 25 
Facing stone,, sea wall, 0 00 
Concrete, least cosily kind, a iiiile over. . . 2 00 
Concrete, most costly kind, a little over.. 3 50 
From the above table, as well as from the analysis in 
other parts of this chapter, it is seen at once bov/ great a 
saving in the cost of masonry is effected by the employ- 
ment of concrete." — Vvri^hVi Treatise m Mrrtorrs. p. 127. 
I do not enter into further details as to the concrete wall, 
as you have Fowler’s characteristic “ Hoi le for AUf in ' 
which every minute point is considered and explained. 
The third kind of rock in this quarry is that of which 
the Hydraulic Cement is made. Having had no instruc- 
tion but books, my first efforts in the manufacture of ce- ■ 
raent were attended with various success. In some places ! 
my cement v/as preferred to the Northern, as in Savnanah 
— in others, as Augusta, an unfavorable opinion existed 
in regard to it. This difference of estimate was caused by 
the unequal calcination of the rock — an error, which ex- 
perience and better fixtures have enable me to correct. So 1 
that I am now able to offer an article quite equal to any' i 
in the markeL 
Few persons are informed as to the great variety of 
uses to which this Pydraulic cement may be applied. It , 
nas been employed chiefly in railroads, darns, founda- j 
tions, &.C. 
Persons in the cities have used it for cisterns, "^’ery few , 
.'armers are aware of the convenience which one of these i 
cisterns would be in the farm-yard. I am satisfied that 
stock as frequently safer for want of v.-ater as from want 
of food. In many instances the farm-yard is placed upon 
the side of the hia, for convenience of access to the branch ^ 
running at its foot. The manure of the farmery is ilms 
•washed a'way. A cistern might be built at the staole 
door. If the soil is clayey, there is no need of masonry. 
The cement may be plastered directly upon the clay. If, 
the soil be sandy', six inches of concrete v.'all, made of the 
nvdraulic lime, v.-i:h a thin ou'.side coating of cement, v.'ill 
prevent all leakage. Trie planter’s negroes may' do all 
this — a -510 pump and a tight covering of plank completes 
the cistern. A small stable or barn roof will afford water 
for a large stock. Tne farmery' may then be placed in the 
most convenient locality. Tine usefialness of one of these 
cisterns may' be seen in the well arranged farm-yard of, 
Mr. JoHv Cuxningham, of Greensboro. - 
Every variety of water pipes may be made of hy'drau- 
l:c cement. No rnecharac is needed to make them, A 
trench is dug where the pipe is to be laid: some cement is 
placed at the bottom ; a perfectly turned wooden rod, cf 
the desired diameter of the pipe is laid upon it : the rod 
after having been wetted and sprinkled with sand, is 
covered with cement ; in 15 minutes the rod is dra'wn out , 
nearly to the end and the same process is repeated until 
the pipe is completed. This piping is capable of varied ' 
and valuable application from its cheapness. Mixed with 
sand it forms a good and cheap under-drain for w'et lands, 
under drains for purposes of cleanliness and health about 
the kitchen and y'ard, and also to convey' water where the 
water ram can be used. The chief cost in the use of 
those rams has been in the metal piping. Besides the cost it 
is questionable whether lead piping does not communicate 
an unhealthy quality to the water. A water ram can no'w 
be bought for S'lO. A farmer who has a spring, it may 
be half a mile from his house and a hundred feet below it, 
if by damming the branch he can get 10 feet fall, can 
:hxo'*' the water into his kitchen or yard or house, at a i 
very small expense. In this w'ay, these charming orna- j 
ments of the flower garden, fountains, can be obtained ! 
'with an enonomy which places them within the reach of < 
persons of the most moderate means, A large px)nion ofi 
the water pipes for the city of N. Orleans, and all the v/ater 
piping at Newport, R. I., is made of cement. These two 
instances occur tome. I mention them because it may 
be thought that cement would not bear an extreme pres- 
sure of water. The basins of fountains, or pools for fish, 
may be made of cement and concrete and ornamented to 
the taste. 
A valuable use may' be made of cement in welldigging, 
where the side.s are inclined to fall in. Sections of a tube 
of the diameter of the well, of cement concrete, may be 
made upon the spot by the use of a mould. These sec- 
tions may'- be made three feet in height, when the w'ell is 
dug 3 feet deep a section may be let in; as the well is 
dug this section descends ; others are placed above it, 
and by the tinie the well is dug to the desired depth it 
has a secure wall around it. 
Hydraulic cement, when e.specially prepared for the pur- 
pose, makes a very good paint for exterior work. At this 
establishment it is passed through a wire bolt of CO wires 
to the lineal inch. The Knoxville University building is 
painted with this cement. The President infornas me 
that it looks very well, and he thinks v/ilJ be a great pre- 
servative of the bricks. This Cement makes a pretty 
straw color. This color gives it a great advantage over 
the Northern, which is of a dead, ashy hue. This ad- 
vantage in color extends to other uses, as that of rougu 
castings. I have just filled an order for cement for rough 
casting, one of the harid.=ornest mansions in Charleston, 
S C. Owing to the excessive Railroad freights, the North- 
ern cement can be obtained cheaper than mine in that 
place. The preference was given on account of the color. 
Artificial stone of great strength and beauty may be 
made of cement, sand and graven or waste rock. Speci- 
mens of this artificial stone will be exhibited at the nex'. 
fair at Atlanta. V\'here the rnateriab? are abundant, this 
stone can be made cheaper than bricks. The proportions 
are one of cement to about ten of sand and gravel. It can 
be sold here at '20 cents the foot. It has the srnothness of 
polished stone or marble. All the exterior ornaments of 
a house, v/indow sills and lintels, pilasters, etc., can be made 
of cement, and they become like carved stone. There is 
no difficulty in moulding these ornaments, where there 
are no rentrant angles. Moulds can be taken from any 
desfred object in cement, as bases and capitals of columns 
and the cement after-wards cast in the cement mould, tak- 
ing care to prevent adhesion by the introduction of a 
separating substance, a.5 sard or charcoal. The whole 
process is simple and can be pefected at any planter’s es- 
tablishment. 
Artificial stone is much used abroad as a building ma- 
terial, though I have not heard of its use in this country', 
yet it is not necessary' that all our improvements should 
reach us via New York. It requires neither company 
nor capital, to import an idea. 
The excellent work of Gen. P.aisley, of the Royml Engi- 
neers, on cement; gives the details of this form of build- 
ing. 
He says: '' Numerous examples of this mode of build- 
ing may no'w be seen on the north side of Pall Mail, tl.e 
College of Surgeons, Lincoln Inn Fields, the Porticos of 
Wellington Barracks and the Guard House, St, James 
Park, are the most convenient for inspection of any' in the 
metropolis,” 
The process of making this artificial stone by me is as 
follows : — A box of the desired size of the stone is pre 
pared, planed on the inside, rough on the outside. Three 
of the sides are united by leather or iron hinges ; llie 
foiarth is attached by screws or hooks ; a mortar of 1 |>an 
cement to 2 of sand is prepared : a thin layer of the mor- 
tar is placed at the bottom, then a layer of waste rock 
then mortar, d:c : after the box is full it is slightly rammed 
allowed to stand 10 minutes; the box is then taken apart. 
