94 
THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR. 
The Constituiion of the Society is now in the 
hands of John Lewis. Esq., first Vice-President 
at his office in the Exchange. Those who are 
fi iendly to the cause in which we are engaged, 
and are disposed to unite wiih us in the effort to 
improve our Agriculture, are requested to call 
and sign the Constitution as ear.y as is conve- 
nient, as it is ot importance that we should have 
a full list of our members at once. 
George J. Kollocii, Cor’g. Sec’y. 
AgricvtUural Meeting in Habersham. 
Ci.ARKsviLLE, May (), 1845. 
At a meeting held this day, at this place, b)’- a 
respectable portion ot the citizens of Haber- 
sham county, it was resolved that said meeting 
form itself into an Agricultural Society, and 
proceed to the election of a President, first and 
second Vice-Presidents and Secretary — the lat- 
ter of whom shall be Treasurer. 
Whereupon, James R. Wyly was chosen 
President, George D. Phillips first, and William 
W. Alley, second Vice-President, and Phillip 
Martin, Secretary and Treasurer. 
When the President elect took the chair, it 
was resolved that a committee of three be ap- 
pointed by the chair to draft a constitution and 
by-laws lor the government of said society, to 
be reported lor consideration at our next meet- 
ing — whereupon the chair appointed George D. 
Phillips, John T. Carter and Malcom J. Walker 
that committee. 
Resolved by the meeting. That .lohn W. H. Under- 
wood and Malcom J. Walker be, and they are hereby 
appointed corresponding Secretaries of this Society. 
Resolved, That the chair appoint some member to ad- 
dress ihe society al it- next meeting, on some branch of 
agricultcire — whereupon the chair appointed William 
B Woiibrd, to address the society at its next meeting. 
The meeting then adjourned until the first 
Tuesday in July next. 
James R. Wyey, Pres’t. 
Phillip Martin, Sec’ry. 
Planters’ Club of lilari3'. 
On the fifth ot May, notice being previously 
given, the citizens of Early met at the court 
house in the town ot Blakely, for the purpose ot 
forming a Planters’ C: ub. On motion of Mr. 
S. H.Trulock, Major Joel Crawford was called 
to the Chair, U. Trulock to act as Secretary. 
After some appropriate remarks from the Chair 
iti the way of explanation, there was appointed 
a committee of fiv^e to draw up articles of con- 
stitution, when Maj. J. Crawford proposed to 
read to the committee articles which he had pre- 
viously drawn up, which, after being read the 
second lime, were unanimously adopted, and 
handed over to the Secretary. On motion of 
Judge William Castleberry, the names were 
next taken of such individuals as wish to be- 
come members of the Club, when some twenty- 
four gentlemen enrolled their nanies. It was 
resol ved that each member should, on enrolling 
his name, pay the sura of fifty cents, to defray 
the necessary expenses. 
On motion of Mr. Reese, it wms 
Resolved, That it shall be the duly of the Pre- 
sident, wu'th the consent of the Vice-Presideni, 
to appoint a speaker for the regular sessions, 
which will be the first Thursday in January and 
May. 
The Club then proceeded to the election of 
officers. Major Joel Crawlbrd was elected 
President, J Lidge Wm. Castleberry first and S. 
H. Trulock .second Vice-President, U. Trulock 
Sectetary and Treasurer. On motion, 
Resolved, That the Secretary be requested to 
notify Judge Wm. Taylor that he is chosen to 
deliver an Agricultnral Address at our next 
meeting, on the first Monday in July next, 
Maj. Crawford his alternate, and L. Evering- 
i'.arn alternate to Maj. Crawlord. 
Resolved, That the Secretary furnish an ac- 
count of ourmeetingto the Port Gaines Whig, 
and request its publication t.berein. 
Uriah Trulock, Sec’y. 
IIoriicuKiiral Outline. 
AN OUTLINE of the first principles of Horticulture, 
by John Lindley, F U. S. &c. &c., Professor of Bota- 
ny in the University of London, and assistant Secre- 
tary of the Horticultural Socieiy. — [continued ] 
VI. FLOWERS. 
146. Flowers consist of two principal parts, 
viz: Floral Fdnvelopes {\^"},} anA Sexes (VI 1.) 
147. Of these, the former constitute what is 
populai'ly considered the flowers; although the 
latter are the only parts that are absululely es- 
sential to it. 
148. However different they maybe in ap- 
pearance from leaves, they are all formed ol 
those organs in a more or less modified slate, 
and altered in a greater or lesS degree by mu- 
tual adhesion. 
149. The Floral Envelopes consist of two or 
more whorls of transformed leaves; of which 
part is calyx, its leaves being called sepals, and 
part corolla, its leaves being called petals. 
150. The Sexes are also transioimed leaves, 
(187.) 
151. The calyx is al ways the outermost, the 
corolla is always the innermost whorls; and if 
there is but one floral envelope, that one is calyx. 
152. Usually the calyx is green, and the co- 
rolla colored and more highly developed; but 
the rever.se is frequently the case, as in Fuchsia, 
Ribes sanguineum, &c, 
153. A flower being, then, an axis surrounded 
by leaves, it is in reality a stunted branch, that 
IS, one the growth of which is cheeked and its 
power of elongation destro\ed. 
154. That Flowers are stunted branches is 
proved, fir.stlv, by all their parts, especially the 
most external, occasionally reverting to the state 
of ordinary leaves; secondly, by their parts 
being ofien tiansformed into each other; and, 
thirdly, by the whorls of flower-buds being dis- 
located and actually converted into branches 
whenever any thing occurs to stimulate them 
excessively. 
155. Their most essential distinctive charac- 
ter consists in the buds at the axiliss of their 
leaves being usually dormant; while those in 
the axillae of ordinary leaves are usually active. 
156. For this reason, while leal-buds can be 
used for the purpose of propagation, flower-buds 
cannot usually be so employed. 
157. Being stunted branches, their position 
on the stem is the same as that of developed 
branches.’ 
158. And as there is in all plants a very great 
difference in the rievelopmen't of leaf-buds, some 
growing readily into branches, others only un- 
lolding their leaves without elongating, and 
many remaining altogether dormant, it lollows 
that flower-buds may form upon plants of what- 
ever age and in whatever state. 
159. But to produce a general formation of 
flower-buds it is necessary that there should be 
some general prcdi.sposing constitutional cause, 
independent of accidental circumstances. 
160. This predisposing cause is the accumu- 
lation of sap and of secreted matter. 
161. Therefore whatever tends to retard the 
free flow of sap, and causes it to accumulate, 
will cause the production of flower-buds or 
leriiUiy. 
162. And on the other han.1, whatever tends 
to pro duce excessive vigor causes the dispersion 
of sap, or prevents its elaboration, and causes 
-steril ity. 
163. Transplantation, with a partial destruc- 
tion of roots, age, or high teniperatuie accom- 
panied by a dry atmosphere, training obliquely 
or in an inverted direction, a constant destruction 
of the extremities of young growing branches, 
will all cause an accumulation of sap, and se- 
cretions; and consequently all such circum- 
stances are favorable to the p-oduction of flow- 
er-buds. 
164. But a richly manured soil, high temper- 
ature, with great atmospheric humidity, or an 
uninterrupted flow of sap, are all causes of ex- 
cessive v'igor, and are consequently unfavorable 
to the production of flower-buds. 
165. There is a tendency in mauv flowers to 
enlarge, to alter their colors, or to change their 
appearance by a transformation and multiplica- 
tion of their parts, whenever tbej have been 
raised from seeds for several generations, or 
domesticated. 
166. The causes of this tendency are proba- 
bly various, but being entirely unknown, m> 
certain rules for the production ot varieties in 
flowers can be laid down, except by the aid of 
hybridising, (210.) 
167. It often happens that a single branch 
produces flowers different from those ];roduced 
on other branches. This i.s technically called a 
sport. 
168. As every bud on that branch has the 
same specific vital principal (113,) a bud taken 
from such a branch will produce an individual, 
the whole ol whose branches will retain ihs 
character of the sport. 
169. Consequently, by buds an accidental va- 
riety may be made permangnt^if the plant that 
sports be ot a firm woody nature, (98.) 
170. As ftc-wers feed upon the prepared sap 
in their vicinity, the greater the abundance of 
this prepared ibod, the more perfect will be their 
development. 
171 . Or the lewer the flowers on a given branch 
the more food they will severally have to nour- 
ish them, and the more perlect will they be, 
172. The beauty of flowers will therefore be 
increased either by an abundant supply of lood 
or by a diminution of their numbers (thinning,) 
or by both. The business ol the primer is to 
cause these by his operations. 
173. The beauty of flowers depends upon 
their free exposure to light and air, because it 
consists in the richness of their color's, and their 
colors are only formed by the action of those 
two agents, (281.) 
174. Hence flowers produced in dark or sha- 
dy confined situations, are either imperfect or 
destitute of their habitual size and beauty. 
175. Double Flowers are those in which the 
stamens are Irdnsi'ormed into petals; or in 
which the latter, or the sepals, are multiplied. 
They should not be confounded with Proliferous 
(183,) and Discoid Compound Ploivers (184.) 
176. Although no certain rules for the pro- 
duction of double Flowers can be laid down, 
yet it is probable that those Flowers have the 
greatest tendency to become double, in which 
the sexes are habitually multiplied. 
167. In Icosandrous and Polyandrous plants, 
either the stamens or the pistilia are always very 
numerous when the flowers are in a natural 
stale ; and it is chiefly in such plants that double 
Flowers occur, when they become transformed. 
178. It is therefore in such plants that double 
Flowers are to be principally expeeterl. 
179. In proportion as the sexes of Flowers 
habitually become few in number, do the in- 
stances of double Flowers become rare. 
180. Double Flow'ers are therefore least to be 
expected in plants with fewest stems. 
181. Whenever the component parts of a 
flower adhere by their edges, as. in nionophyl- 
lous calyxes, monopetalous corrollas, and mo- 
nodelphous, or polyadelphous stamens, the 
tendency to an unnatural multiplication of 
parts seems checked. 
182. Therefore in such cases double Flowers 
are little to be expected they are, in fact, very 
rare. 
183. Proliferous Floviers are those in which 
parts that usually have all their auxiliary buds 
dormant, accidentally develop such buds; as in 
the Hen and Chickens Daisy, in which the 
bracf.eas of the involucrum form other Daisy- 
heads in their axillae; or, as in certain Roses,, 
in which the capillary leaves develop leaf-buds 
in their axillae, so that the flower becomes a 
branch; the lower leaves of which are colored 
and transformed, and in their ordinary state. 
184. Discoid compound Flowers are those in 
which the central florets of a flower-head ac- 
quire corollas, like those of the ciTcumfereace, 
as in the Dahlia ; the cultivated variety of which 
should be called discoid, and not double, 
185. These two last are so essentially differ- 
ent from double Flowers, that whatever laws 
may be supposed to govern the production or 
