THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR. 
135 
ted to the liquidation of a debt alread7 incur- 
red ; prove to him that it he is deprived of this 
resource for a year or two, it will only be to 
double the product in after time; he knows it ; 
but even with the yield of that field, he fears 
that his income tor the year will fall short of his 
expenses. He hopes that it will be better after 
awhile, but-Mfiyear, he must “ make every 
thing tell.” Show him a valuable labor-saving 
machine, an investment in which would be 
equivalent to an interest ot fifty pe- cent., his 
answer is, “My dear sir, I am a borrower, not 
an investerof money;” and so he is, poor fel- 
low. It is not the want of scientific knowledge 
that keeps that man’s fields poor, and induces 
the most skinning system of cultivation, but it 
is the want of pecuniary means. 
What is the remedy for this state of things ? 
We answer emphatically, retrenchment and 
economy. Begin with yourself; curtail your in- 
dividual expenses, go through every member of 
your household, cut down and pare off every- 
where; teach your children that the conve- 
niences and elegancies purcha.sed of the milliner 
and ihe mercer, may be substituted, in a great 
measure, by their own handicraft. Your own 
part is nothing, but to deprive those you love 
of that to which they have been accustomed, is, 
we know, a bitter pill ; but it must be taken. 
In the great fall of agricultural products, there 
is no help for it. 
Do not tell us that you already practise eco- 
nomy to its fullest extent. My dear sir, you 
don’t begin to know the meaning of the word. 
What is vour income? About $1500 — well, 
go to the North and see how a farmer with an in- 
come ofS2000 lives, compare your expenditures 
with his, and then see if you know anything 
about economy. And whilst you are there, ob- 
serve the difference between his case and yours 
— he probably has at the end of the year eight 
hundred or a thousand dollars to devote to the 
improvement ol his land, which improvement 
probably secures him a surplus of twelve or 
fifteen hundred dollars at the end of the next 
year, and so he goes on, getting richer and rich- 
er, whilst you are getting poorer and poorer. 
Suppose your situations to be nearly the same 
in 1845, work this thing out, and see where you 
will both be in 1855. 
There is one point upon which we will take 
the liberty of giving you the glentlest hint in the 
world. Be not afraid in this proposed system 
ot reform of any opposition from your wife, j 
Come out like a man and explain to her the ne- ; 
cessity for it ; women are always more frugal | 
and self-denying than men; we’ll answer for Aer. j 
It is astonishing how not only theprice but the 
real value oi land, is affected by the economical 
habits of a neighborhood. We were sensibly 
struck with this fact in a conversation last sum- 
mer with an intelligent gentleman from Rock- 
ingham. We were both at the time in the 
county of Albemarle, and something was said 
about the high p.ice for which land was sold 
in that county. The Rockingham gentleman 
remarked, that similar land in his own county, 
not at all more productive, farther from market, 
would sell for one-third more money. He was 
then asked, whv he did not sell in Rockingham 
and purchase in Albemarle. He replied, be- 
cause he found, upon a lair calculation, thatthe 
land was cheaper in R.oekingham than in Albe- 
marle ; that is, that owing to the different habits 
and customs of the people, he could lay up 
more money from an investment in the one 
than in the other. This is sound reason- 
ing, and it is the reasoning upon which men 
are induced to give a hundred dollars an acre 
for lands in New York or Pennsylvania, whilst 
lands equally productive can be purchased in 
Virginia for half the money. 
Yeast.— -To show the nature of yeast, philo- 
sophically considered, we give an extract from a 
lecture delivered at Bristol, England : 
The first point brought by Mi. Carpenter un- 
der the notice of his auditors, was the vegetable 
nature of yeast. He states that the phenomena 
of fermentation havl long been a source of per- 
plexity to chemists; a change being produced 
by the action of this substance in the fluid with 
which it is mixed whilst it does not itself enter 
into any new combinatioa, but on the other hand 
is greatly increased in amount. This mystery 
is now explained. On looking at yeast with a 
good microscope, the mass is found to consist of 
a number ol minute disconnected vesicles, 
whish greatly resemble those of the red snow 
(Protococcus nivalis.) These, like seeds, re- 
tain their vitality for almost any length ol time ; 
and their power of growing, when placed in pro- 
per circumstances, not being destroyed by ex- 
posure to such extremes of temperature as 76° 
and 1 12°, or being dried in a cake. When these 
are placed in a saccharine solution, they com- 
mence vegetating actively, provided the tem- 
perature be sufficiently high. If a fluid thus 
excited to fermentation be exam.ned at short in- 
tervals, it is observed that each vesicle puts 
forth one or more little prolongations or buds, 
w’hich in time become new vesicles like their 
parents; these again perform the same process, 
so that within a few hours the single vesicles 
have developed themselves into groups of four, 
five, or SIX. By the time that five or six vesicles 
are formed in each group, the fermentation is 
sufficiently advanced for the purposes ol the 
manufacturer, and he then takes measures to 
check it. The vegetation of yeast is then sus- 
pended, and the groups ot vesicles separate in- 
to individuals, the mass of which constitutes 
the yeast thus largely increased in amount. 
The vesicles multiply also by a process analo- 
gous to the formation of seed' 4a the higher 
plants. Some of them are observed to burst, 
and to emit a number of minute granules, each 
of which developed itself into a new cell, as in 
the case of the red snow. 
Very few farmers fully appreciate the advan- 
tages of the improved agricultural implements 
METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL 
FOR THE YEAR 1845, KEPT AT ATHENS, GA., BY PROFESSOR McCAY, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, 
JANUARY. 
! 
FEBRUARY. 
c 
3 A R 0 M E - 
THERMO- 
CLEARNESS 
COUR 
SE & 
B A R 0 M E - 
THERMO- 
CLEARNESS 
COURSE 
> 
OF SKY F’M 
STRENGTH 
> , 
> 
STRENGTH 
> 
< 
IC 
TER. 
METER. 
10 TO 0. 
OF ■WIND.’ 
z : 
•< 
CD 
T E 
n . 
METER. 
10 TO 0. 
OF WIND * 
z 
Sun- 
3 o'dk 
Sun- 
3 o'k 
Su n - 3 o’ elk 
Sun- 
3 o’k 
Inch- 
Sun- 
3 o’dk 
Sun 
! o’k 
Sun- 
3 o' elk 
Sun 
3 o'k 
Inch- 
p 
rise. 
P M 
rise 
P. M 
rise. 
P M 
rise. 
P. M. 
es. 
o 
rise. 
P. M 
rise. 
P. M 
nse» 
P. M. 
ri se. 
P, M. 
es. 
1 
29-40 
29.42 
54 
65 
5 
7 
w. 1 
w. 2 
1 
29-50 
29 -51 
31 
48 
2 
5 
0 
w. 1 
2 
■44 
•46 
37 
61 
10 
10 
0,w'. 1 
. 
2 
• 59 
•63 
23 
47 
10 
10 
N. 1 
0 
3 
•46 
•44 
44 
62 
9 
5 
0 
N. 2 
3 
•59 
•49 
29 
37 
0 
0 
N. 1 
E. 1 
0-60 
4 
•53 
•22 
45. 
59 
10 
6 
w. 1 
ew 2 
4 
•01 
•CO 
38 
40 
5 
5 
nw3 
nw7 
0-03 
5 
•24 
■22 
38 
65 
0 
0 
5w2 
sw4 
5 
• 11 
•25 
25 
25 
7 
10 
nw4 
nw6 
6 
■01 
28-83 
53 
64 
0 
0. 
3W 5 
sw7 
1- 
6 
■ 37 
•40 
25 
43 
10 
10 
nw4 
N. 4 
7 
•08 
29 ■■25 
45 
53 
0 
10 
\v. 7 
w. 3 
7 
■52 
•50 
31 
49 
1 
2 
0 
0 
8 
■40 
■41 
31 
48 
10 
10 
w. 2 
w. 1 
8 
• 59 
•50 
33 
56 
10 
10 
sw 1 
w. 1 
9 
•43 
•40 
26 
54 
10 
10 
w. 2 
NWI 
9 
•50 
•47 
33 
57 
10 
10 
W'. 1 
w. 1 
10 
•39 
•30 
32 
58 
6 
0 
w. 1 
sw 3 
10 
•53 
• 5i 
34 
61 
5 
6 
NWl 
nw2 
11 
•25 
•35 
39 
50 
10 
5 
w. 2 
w. 3 
0-12 
11 
•3-i 
•30 
47 
70 
0 
& 
0 
sw 3 
12 
•35 
•39 
38 
48 
10 
10 
0 
w. 2 
12 
•29 
•30 
53 
74 
10 
9 
0 
0 
13 
■ 20 
■10 
32 
59 
5 
7 
w. 4 
w. 7 
13 
•35 
•33 
'56 
75 
8 
7 
0 
sw 2 
14 
• 39 
•45 
33 
57 
8 
10 
0 
w. 1 
14 
•42 
•41 
44 
49 
0 
0 
ne2 
E. 3 
15 
• 58 
■58 
41 
58 
0 
0 
E. 1 
E. 1 
15 
•26 
• 21 
53 
61 
0 
4 
sw2 
w. 3 
0-20 
16 
•54 
•50 
48 
62 
3 
6 
0 
sw 1 
16 
•40 
•41 
33 
57 
10 
8 
nw2 
N. 2 
17 
- .30 
•17 
58 
61 
0 
9 
3E. 2. 
sw 1 
1-60 
17 
•42 
•39 
41 
66 
1 
0 
w. 2 
w. 2 
18 
•28 
•39 
47 
51 
1 
3 
jjw5 
nw4 
0-20 
18 
• 36 
•35 
42 
65 
1 
9 
0 
0 
19 
• 50 
•43 
33 
38 
0 
0 
NE 7 
NE 5 
0-44 
19 
•38 
•40 
39 
65 
8 
5 
0 
0 
20 
•39 
■33 
34 
42 
0 
0 
NE 2 
w. 1 
20 
•40 
• 36 
49 
67 
1 
1 
N. 1 
8w2 
21 
•35 
•44 
39 
48 
2 
10 
w 4 
w. 5 
21 
•37 
•37 
58 
68 
1 
5 
^ 1 
3. 1 
0-03 
22 
•59 
•62 
25 
45 
10 
1 
N. 2 
NE-.l 
22 
•33 
■35 
55 
69 
1 
0 
s. 1 
SW 3 
0-04 
23 
■ 60 
■41 
44 
46 
0 
0 
E. 1 
E. 1 
0-86 
23 
• 21 
•42 
62 
64 
0 
3 
3w2 
w. 4 
0-04 
24 
• 23 
•16 
44 
52 
0 
6 
SE. 1 
nw7 
0-20 
24 
• 27 
• 29 
40 
64 
5 
10 
w. 2 
w. 1 
25 
•20 
•19 
34 
46 
8 
10 
w. 2 
w. 2 
25 
• 33 
•25 
33 
65 
9 
10 
NWl 
sw 1 
26 
■36 
•41 
29 
54 
10 
10 
w. 1 
0 
26 
•25 
• 25 
35 
62 
9 
10 
w. 2 
w. 2 
11 
•43 
•45 
23 
56 
6 
10 
w. 1 
w. 2 
27 
•36 
• 19 
30 
51 
8 
2 
0 
nw6 
•23 
•43 
•34 
32 
63 
8 
5 
0 
sw2 
0-06 
28 
,44 
•39 
29 
53 
10 
10 
NWI 
nw4 
29 
•66 
• 64 
31 
48 
10 
0 
N. 1 
w. 2 

30 
•D/ 
•71 
36 
44 
10 
10 
N. 2 
N. 2 
29-37 
29-37 
39 
57 
average. 
Fot’l rain 
0-94 
31 
• 65 
•56 
27 
51 
9 
9 
N. 1 
nw3 
29-39 
•29 -37 
38 
53 
average. 
Tot’l rain 
4-48 
ing the least and 10 the strongest. 
MARCH. 
u 
> 
< 
(a 
B A R 0 SI E - 
Ter. 
THERMO- 
METER. 
CLEARNESS 
OF SKY F’M 
10 TO 0, 
:COURSE & 
STRENGTH 
OF WIND " 
?5 
t.- 
Z 
Sun- 
3 o’ elk 
Stm- 
3 o’k 
Sun 
3 o’clk 
Sun- 
3 o'k 
Inch. 
c 
rise. 
P. M. 
rise. 
P: M. 
rise. 
P. M. 
rise. 
P. M. 
es. 
1 
29 •39129 -40 
28 
60 
8 
6 
0 
0 
•2 
•43 
■32 
45 
59 
0 
0 
NE 1 
0 
o 
o. 
3 
• 35 
•43 
71 
0 
6 
w. 2 
w. 2 
4 
•42 
• 20 
58 
61 
0 
3 
NE 2 
SE 2 
5 
■16 
•33 
56 
6-2 
7 
10 
SW 4 
sw2 
0-04 
6 
■60 
•58 
44 
61 
10 
10 
w. 1 
w. 1 
7 
■55 
•50 
52 
70 
2 
5 
0 
sw 1 
8 
■ 46 
• 40 
57 
74 
0 
6 
0 
w. 2 
9 
•38 
■26 
65 
77 
5 
5 
w. 2 
w. 4 
10 
•16 
•16 
67 
62 
0 
0 
nw5 
Nwl 
0-25 
11 
•36 
•43 
36 
57 
10 
7 
N. 2 
w. 2 
12 
■51 
■ 50 
44 
56 
0 
2 
NE 2 
£. 2 
13 
' .41 
•3S 
49 
55 
0 
0 
NE 2 
E. 1 
14 
• 25 
•25 
51 
61 
0 
6 
nw2 
nw4 
0-20 
15 
• 33 
•30 
41 
53 
3 
10 
NWl 
w. 4 
16 
• 21 
•09 
37 
54 
8 
8 
0 
w. 4 
17 
• 06 
• 00 
49 
72 
10 
5 
w. 2 
w. 8 
IS 
•13 
• 20 
45 
57 
10 
8 
w. 1 
w. 6 
1:9 
■ 33 
•35 
32 
46 
9 
6 
N. 1 
w. 6 
20 
• 54 
• 56 
30 
51 
10 
10 
w, 1 
nw4 
21 
• 60 
■59 
31 
56 
9 
8 
NWl 
w. 6 
22 
■ 50 
• 55 
28 
56 
10 
7 
NWl 
w. 1 
23 
*50 
• 45 
41 
56 
6 
0 
0 
sw2 
24 
• 36 
•34 
49 
61 
0 
10 
0 
nw2 
0-03 
25 
• 60 
• 65 
33 
69 
10 
10 
N. 2 
w. 1 
26 
■ 67 
•70 
32 
63 
10 
10 
w. 1 
w. 1 
27 
• 71 
• 66 
35 
60 
10 
10 
w. 1 
w. 2 
28 
• 66 
• 64 
50 
68 
1 
2 
0 
sw 1 
[)-02 
29 
-64 
• 60 
52 
67 
0 
5 
sw 1 
w. 1 
0-12 
30 
•53 
• 60 
56 
67 
1 
7 
0 
w. 1 
31 
• 40 
•34 
57 
67 
1 
5 
NE 1 
0 
29-42 
29-41 
45 
61 
average. 
Toflrain 
0-70 
Average foe the Barometer, at sunrise, 29-40 ; 3 o’clock, p. m. 29"38 — Thermometer, sunrise, 41 ; 3 p. m. bl^Total Rain, inches, 6»i2. 
