THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR. 
J67 
I^IETEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL 
FOR THE YEAR 1845, KEPT AT ATHENS, GA., BY PROFESSOPi. McCAY, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA 
Latitude, 58' A. : Longitude, ok. 34to. W. ; Elevation, about 8‘iOfeet, 
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0-53 
SEPTEMBER, 
- 
Average for the Year. — Barometer, at sunrise, 29-38; 3 o’clock, p. m. 2r'-37 — Thermometer, sunrise, 57; 3 p. m. 75 — Total Rain, inches, 12-85. 
* NoTe. — Course and strength of wind, from 10 to u— 0 being least and 10 the strongest. In clearness of sky, 0 represents most cloudy, and 10 perfect clearness. 
from an injury in the shoulder ilseil, has but 
one ordinary cause, viz: a strain of the shoulder. 
When there is s rain of the shoulder it is known 
at once. Within a lew hours alter its occur- 
lence the shoulder is swelled, perhaps in its 
whole length, but generally at the lower end. 
The strain lies almost always in muscles which 
attach the shoulder-blade to the body; yet the 
sw'elling is on the outside; but this arises from 
sympathy. 
When the horse is observed to be lame, and it 
cannot at once be determined where the lame- 
ness is, let him be walked, and it he drag hu 
ffle, itis in the shoulder. Let the shoulder be 
examined in front; if the affection be of long 
standing, the shoulder will be seen to be less 
than the other. If on feeling it, it be found to be 
free of heat, there will be no lever. The disease 
is then chronic. If, however, the shoulder be 
enlarged, it w'ill be found, on feeling, to be hot 
— the injury is then recent and inliamatatory. 
Where the disease is in the shoulder and is 
chronic, it has gone through the inflammatory 
stage, and is of some considerable standing. 
The chronic state is rarely cured. It is not un- 
like rheumatism. For the chronic state lYis'cest 
remedy is active blistering. This will rouse 
the vessels to activity. It ma}' be necessary to 
blister repeatedly, and exercise should accom- 
pany the blistering, with good grooming and 
general care. Let the exercise commence as 
soon as the blister begins to diminish its dis- 
charge. This treatment continued judiciously 
and energetically lor some time may cure chro- 
nic disease of the shoulder. When the strain 
is recent and inflammation exists, the horse 
should be bled from the neck and from the plate 
vein on the inside of the leg, as near the body 
as possible. R. st, cooling physic, both purga- 
tive and sedentary, should be given — rio blistering 
should be allowed. Embrocations ot a cooling 
nature should be applied. No stiinula,nts should 
be applied externally, or given. They but add 
to the inflammation. When the inflammation 
is subdued and the shoulder has lallen back to 
its natural size, the horse needs nothing but rest 
with gentle exercise. Let him be turned out, if 
in the summer, to grass; in the winter, into a 
small yard in good weather, and a stable at 
night in bad weather. It will take him some 
time to get over the effects and be fit for work 
again. 
When the shouHer is shrunk or sw’ineyed 
from lameness in the foot or leg, below the 
shouldre, no attention should be paid to the 
shoulder. When both feet or legs are diseased 
so that the horse seeks to relieve each alterna'e- 
ly from pressure, both shoulders will be swiney- 
ed ; they will be both shrunk, and the breast in 
front will be diminished and fall in. Treat- 
ment in these cases is to be addressed to the 
place of disease. It in the feet, cure them ; if 
in the legs, cure them. Some diseases in the 
feet cannot be cured, and, of course, it there be 
swiney from such cause it cannot be removed. 
When the feet and legs are cured, and the horse 
recovers thereby his wonted action, the mus- 
cles of the shoulder will by exercise, recov- 
er their former size, and the swiney be gone. 
Among the ignorant there is a variety of re- 
medies for the swiney, as pegging (that is thrust- 
ing a knile in the shoulder and blowing in stim- 
ulating powders,) swimming, setons, &c. A 
recent writer in the Southern Cultivator says, 
“ introduce the small blade of a common pock- 
et knife (ihe point of which must be sharp,) in- 
to the thinnest part ot the shoulder, which will 
be near the upper margin of the shoulder-blade, 
holding the knile as you would a pen when wri- 
ting, and scratch up the membrane that covers 
the bone for a space the size of a silver dollar; 
the knife may be then withdrawn. The knife 
may then be introduced in one or two places 
below the first, and used in the same way, and 
the operation is over.” N^ow, if the disease be 
in the shoulder, this method cau only cure by 
rousing the vessels to action. Blistering will 
do this better, and is more humane and less dan- 
gerous. Wounded membranes frequently pro- 
duce fatal inflammation. Blistering is never 
dangerous in chronic aflections, and therefore is 
preferable on that score, and by general action 
does lar better. It is done within two days. 
Scraping tbs membrane cannot be through its 
operation short of weeks. A. Stevens. 
Buffalo, January, 1845. 
Education.— -Tne following gives the state 
of education in the United States, in 1840. It 
shows the number of white persons in each 
State above the age of twenty-one, who can 
neither read nor write ; 
No. 1, Connecticut- — 1 in 311. 
No. 2. New Hampshire-—! in 159. 
No. 3. Massachusetts-— 1 in 91. 
No. 4. Maine — 1 in 72, 
No. 5. Vermont — 1 in 63. 
No. 6. Michigan-—! in 44. 
No. 7. New York and New Jersey—-! in 36, 
No. 8. Pennsylvania—! in 32. 
No. 9. Ohio-—! in 18, 
No. 10. Iowa — 1 in 17. 
No. 11, Louisiana — 1 in 16, 
No. 1“3. District of Columbia— 1 in 15. 
No. 13. Maryland and Wisconsin-—! in 13, 
No. 14. Indiana and Mississippi — 1 in 10. 
No. 15. Florida-—! in 8, 
No. 16. Illinois, Arkansas and Missouri-— 
1 in 7, 
No. 17. Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina, 
Alabama and Kentucky — 1 in 6. 
No. 18. Georgia — 1 in 5. 
No. 19. North Carolina and Tennessee— 1 
in 4. 
