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THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR. 
43 
Aid to Agriculture. 
Well, the Legislatures of all the Southern 
States have adjourned, and so far as we have 
been able to learn anything of their proceedings, 
not a single thing has been done for Agriculture, 
by any one of them. In some instances, it is 
true, the subject has been pressed on their atten- 
tion in a very appropriate manner in the Govern- 
or’s messages; — but there the matter ended; — 
and soil will end every year, until the tillers of 
the soil assert their rights to an equal participa- 
tion in the benefits of the government, which 
they, chiefly, have to support with their money, 
and defend with their arms, when danger comes. 
This is the more to be regretted, as legislative ac- 
tion, for the benefit of Agriculture, in many of the 
free States, as they are called, has had an impor- 
tant agency in placing them far ahead of the 
South in wealth and prosperity. 
In a late number of the Ohio Cultivator, we 
find a synopsis of what has been done, in this re- 
spect, in several of the most important of the free 
States — and one has only to go into these States 
look at the condition of things th'ere, and contrast 
it with that in those where no such laws exist, to 
be at once satisfied that public money could not 
be better spent. 
A good deal has been accomplished in having 
the interest of Agriculture occupy the prominent 
position >t does in the late annual messages of 
the Governors of South Carolina and Georgia. 
This is one important step towards what ought 
to be done. In due season, we have no doubt, 
the most ardent hopes of the friends of Agricul. 
ture for efficient aid from the Legislature of every 
Southern State, will be fully realised. 
[From the Ohio Cultivator.] 
In Maine the county or district agricultural 
societies are aided and sustained by an annual 
appropriation from the State Treasury, of an a- 
mount equal to what is raised from fees or con- 
tributions by the members, not to exceed S300 for 
each society. In addition to this, bounty Is, or 
hasbeen paid by the State to encourage the pro- 
duction of wheat, and some other crops. 
In Massachusetts the law provides, that when 
any county or district agricultural and horticul- 
tural society shall have raised and invested at 
interest, $1,000 as a permanent capital, the in- 
come of which is to be devoted to the objects of 
the society, the sum of $200 shall be annually 
paid to the society from the State Treasury ; and 
if the capital at interest exceed $1,000, the State 
bounty shall be increased in proportion, not to 
exceed $600. The premiutns offered and not 
competed for, and other surplus funds are allow- 
ed to be added to the capital fund each year, so 
that a number of societies have now $3,000 or 
over at interest, and receive $600 annually from 
the State. Besides this, large amounts have 
been expended by the State for bounties on crops, 
and for agricultural and scientific surveys. The 
effect of this liberal polict has been to place 
Massachusetts in advance of all other States of 
the Union, in improvements in Agriculture and 
the increase of domestic industry and wealth. 
For many years, indeed, that State was the only 
one in which any considerable progress was ma- 
king in agriculture; and at thistims it exhibits a 
more scientific and profitable system of farnuncr, 
as a whole, than can elsewhere be found. 
In New York the sum of $8,000, is annually 
appropriated from the State Treasury, of which 
sum, $700 is given to the State Agricultural So- 
ciety, and $950 to the American Institute, and the 
remainder divided among the county agricultu- 
ral socieries. In addition to this, a valuable vol- 
ume of agricultural essays and reports is annually 
published by the State and distributed gratuitous- 
ly ; and a bounty is paid on silk to encourage 
its growth and manufacture. The law for pro- 
moting agriculture in that State has only been 
in operation five years, but its effects are already 
exciting the wonder and admiration of all intel- 
ligent observers. 
In Pennsylvania, a law was enacted about 20 
years ago, similar to that now existing in Ohio, 
providing for the organization of an Agricultural 
society in each county, and allowing them to re- 
ceive from $30 to $150, annually, from the county 
treasury, provided the county commissioners 
deem it expedient to make the appropriation. 
The effect of this law, as in Ohio, was of very 
littleif any general benefit. Only a few county 
societies were organized under it, and most that 
were organized had but a short duration. The 
only society that has of late years been active 
and useful is the one called the Penn. Society, 
which embraces the city and county of Philadel- 
phia, and one or two counties adjoining, and 
which is aided by a positive appropriation of $50, 
for each member of Assembly elected by these 
counties. 
In Indiana a law was enacted a few years ago, 
providing for the incorporation of a State Board 
of Agriculture, and a society in each county, with 
rules for the government of a complete system 
of State and county operations for the advance- 
ment of Agriculture, comprising an act of 17 sec- 
tions; but like a piece of beautiful machinery 
without motive power, the law has proved ufi'erZy 
useless — the State Board we believe never had a 
meeting, and not a county society was organ- 
ized ; and why 1 Simply because no provision 
was made for defraying the necessary expendi- 
tures of the board, or for aiding the societies, in 
their endeavors to promote the generalgood; and 
the kind of men who are the most efficient, and 
take the most interest in these matters are not 
such as can well afford to spend their money as 
well as time in such business. 
In Ohio, as most of our readers are aware, a 
law was passed in March 1839, providing that 
the Commissioners of each county, may, ‘if 
they deem it e.' pedient’ appropriate out of the 
county funds a sum not exceeding $100, annual- 
ly, in aid of the county agricultural society, if 
oncis duly organized. 
American Ingenuity. 
Mr. WEissiNGER,one of the editors of the 
Dollar Farmer, in one of his letters written from 
New England, thus speaks of the Ameiican 
character as developed in that part of the Uni- 
ted Stales: 
“There is no people on the globe, not the 
French nor the English, that can compare with 
Americans in adaptation for manulactures and 
the mechanic arts, in ingenuity, enterprise and 
versatility. Mind is no where else so free, ac- 
tive and enterprising, and there is no country 
that begins to compare with this in the number 
of intelligent and inventive persons, in propor- 
tion to population. In every branch at manufac- 
tures that we have attempted we have succeed- 
ed ; in many we have advanced far ahead of 
other nations. In the last lorty years ten valu- 
able improvements and inventions have been 
made in this country, in the departmentsattend- 
ed to here, forone in Europe. Many American 
inventions have been transferred to Europe, but 
some we retain as secrets. Witness the carpet 
power-loom, invented bv Bigelow, which gives 
the American it anufacturer an immense advan- 
tage, and which yields to the inventor a very 
large income by the si.nple per centage paid 
him by the manufacturers who use his loom 
Such is the confidence of American Ingenuity 
that 't in many instances refuse.s to avail itself 
of European inventions for the most complica- 
ted untried processes, setting to wo'-k at once to 
make the machine, and seldom failing to pro- 
duce one superior to those of Europe. I asked 
a New England man his business. He said he 
was an inventor, explaining himself to mean 
that it was his business to devise the m.eansof 
doing anything that is required. The maxim of 
the country is, if a thing is to be done, there is 
a way to do it; and that way is generally dis- 
covered as soon as the demand arises. Such is 
the character of the A merican people. In spite 
of all the powers of Democracy, they are des- 
tined to become the greatest manufacturing peo- 
ple on the globe, and the fact that they can 
make their own bread and meat and produce 
thi ir own cotton, hemp and wool will be no ob- 
stacle, but an aid. If they can feed their own 
operatives and supply them with the raw mate- 
rials so much the better — it is no reason why 
they should get their furniture and wearing ap- 
parel from foreign workshops. 
“ By the way, I am reminded by this train of 
thought to say a word ot the inducements offer- 
ed for educating youth with especial view to fit 
them to conduct manufacturing establishments. 
The learned professions are crowded, but there 
will be no supplying this demand for those eve- 
ry way qualified to take charge of such estab- 
lishments. The demand, too, for designers, 
engravers, chemists and machinists will be 
boundless. Let fathers educate their children 
with a view to these employments. Let them 
be grounded in mathematics, natural philosophy 
and chemistry, and then let them be placed in 
the woikshopsand serve a thorough apprentice- 
ship. Here is a refuge for those who vainly 
desire to give their children position by placing 
them in over-crowded professions, for which 
many are unfit. Nothing can be more respec- 
table than to have charge of the establishments 
I am speaking of. or to fill the posts in them of 
artists and men of science. The designer of 
Lowell, who recently killed himself in a fit of 
drunkenness, though an intemperate man, had 
a salary of S2,500 a year. Let fathers think of 
these things and educate some of their children 
for the workshop and Aithe workshop. 
©riginal (Eommunirations. 
Management of Slaves. 
Mr. Camak: — Looking over the back num- 
bers of the Southern Agriculturist, published in 
Charleston, S. C., I met with the subjoined ar- 
ticle on the “Management of Slaves.” Ob- 
servation and experience have taught me that 
the success of the planter depends as much up- 
on the judicious management of his slaves as 
upon the proper cultivation ol the soil. Fully 
persuaded that the plan adopted lor the treat- 
ment and management ot his negroes by a 
South Carolina planter, if pursued by Georgia 
planters, would be attended with eminent suc- 
cess, and prouuctive of the most salutary and 
wholesome results to all— slave, master and 
country— I respectlully suggest, if it meet your 
approbation, the le-publicatii'n of this excellent 
article in the ctdumns ol your valuable paper. 
Very respectfully, and truly 
Your obedient servant, Burke. 
[From the SoulhertiAgriculiu rise] 
Dear Sir:— In compliance with a reque.st 
made by you some time the last winter, I now 
give you the plan I have adopted for the treat- 
ment and management of my negroes. I must 
first, however, apologize for the delay that has 
taken place. 1 assure you, in making thiscom- 
munication, I do it expressly to convince you 
of my W'illingness to afford any information in 
my power, solicited by my neighbors. I shall 
state to you, therefore, frank'y, and as fully as 
circumstances wdll allow-, the views which have 
governed me in laying down the plan I have 
pursued. 
When 1 commenced planting, I was induced 
to believe, from the advice 1 received, that suc- 
cess depended more upon the judicious ma- 
nagement ot negroes than anything else; and 
that in order to arrive at any good system of 
management, it u-as necessary. 
First — That there should be a perfect under- 
standing between the master and the slave. 
Secondly — That certain rules should be laid 
down on the plantation, which shvuld be con- 
sidered fundamental rules, never to be deviated 
from, and which should bedislinctly understood 
by all, and. 
Thirdly — That there should be uniformity of 
conduct on the part of the master, w ho ought 
to exhibit c on.siderable interest fn the proceed- 
ings on his plantation, and an ambition to excel. 
What I would mean by a perfect understand- 
ing between a master and a slave is, that the 
slave should know- that his master is to govern 
