XXll 
INTRODUCTION, 
means to an end (that of continuing its existence unaided), the young Duck is as perfect as the old bird, 
though destitute of the power of flight, to be accorded to it hereafter. What the webbed feet and 
swimming-capabilities are to the immature birds above mentioned, the organs of flight are to the cliick of 
the Geliuotte oi Hazel-Hen, which, within a day of its exit from the shell, is endowed with such a develop- 
ment of its primaries and secondaries that it can fly from branch to branch, or dart after its parents through 
the wood, with an ease and rapidity equal to that of any other little bird. At this early stage the Geliuotte 
appears all wings, and, from the down w'hich alone covers its body, presents somewhat the appearance of a 
gigantic moth. The young of the Heron exhibits a very low degree of perfection ; but those of the Crane, 
the Bustard, and the Plover are agile on exclusion. The colouring of the downy stage of young birds is, in 
many instances, very beautiful, and fantastic indeed in form — exhibiting itself in stripings amongst the 
Grebes, yellow moss-like marblings amongst the true Plovers, paintings on the face of the Coot, and tortoise- 
shell blotches on the Black-headed Gull. This peculiar })hase in bird-life exists but for a short period, six 
or eight days ; a change then takes place, in the course of which the downy dress, with all its pretty 
markings, is thrown or, rather, pushed off by a succession of real feathers. In the Starling, among the 
Insessorial birds, it is exchanged for a uniform coat of brown, which, before the summer is over, is again 
transformed into a spangled dress of great beauty. In the Golden Plover the moss-like marbling is 
exchanged for a vellow speckled plumage ; the Grebe loses its dorsal stripes, and assumes a silken white 
breast ; the young Coot, deprived of its painted face, soon presents an approach to the colouring of its 
parent ; the grey middle dress of the young Heron gradually merges into that of the adult ; and the newly 
hatched Falcons, which are blind, sprawling creatures covered wuth white down, pass through a variety of 
changes between their birth and the commencement of the second year of their existence, when they attain 
their perfect adult plumage, never again to he altered. Changes of a similar description also occur among 
the Owls. Many, if not most, birds, in fact, undergo a succession of alterations in their costume between 
birth and maturity ; but as there is no rule without an exception, so there are some birds which are not 
subject to any great change of this kind: for instance, the Kingfisher from the first is nearly as fine in 
colour as when adult, as are also the Roller, the Waxen Chatterer, the Tree-creeper, and the Nuthatch. 
In the foregoing passages I have described some of the remarkable changes which birds undergo between 
youth and maturity; but however interesting and curious may be the details of their infantine states, their 
progress through middle life is not less so ; while the culminating point, so far as costume is concerned, 
has not yet been reached ; for, wonderful as are the phases through which they have progressed, these are 
as nothing compared with the assumption of the richer dress and colouring that obtains at the pairing- 
season. The transformations that take place in the Plovers and many other species at this period are 
indeed most remarkable, and, I believe, little known to any but ornithologists. The wdiite breasts of the 
Golden and Grey Plovers now' become of a jetty black, and the same jtart of the Godwits of a rusty red ; 
