INTRODUCTION 
Ixv 
some writers they are considered to be one and the same species ; hy others eacli has been regarded as 
distinct. In habits and disposition the Bluethroats are peculiar : tliey exhibit none of the bold daring of the 
Wheatear and the Robin ; neither do they sit on a twig and shoAV their breasts like the Whin- and Stone- 
Chats ; on the contrary they skulk among bushes and dense herbage of hill-sides, or among the grasses in a 
meadow, concealing rather than showing their beautiful colouring, as if conscious that its exposure would be 
adverse to their well-being. 
99. Cyanecula suecica ........... Vol. II. PI. XLIX. 
Red-throated Bluebreast. 
A lovely little bird, which lives in Eastern Europe and probably in Africa. In the summer it is to he seen on 
the Dovrefjeld, in the winter in the sunny south. It sometimes pays England a visit, and hence is Included 
in our avifauna; but its occurrence must be regarded as purely accidental. 
100. Cyanecula leucocyana ........... Vol. II. PI. L. 
W hite-throated Bluebreast. 
A native of France and Southern Europe, accidental in England. 
Genus Rutictlla. 
Redstarts, as the members of this genus are trivially called, not only inhabit Europe, but are abundant in 
India and China. 
101. Ruticilla phcenicura ........... Vol. II. PI. LI. 
Redstart. 
Arrives from the south in April, frequents our gardens, breeds in our apple-trees, and renders its visits 
agreeable by its pleasing song, the sprightliness of its actions, and the beauty of its plumage. It also visits 
the southern and central parts of Europe generally. 
102. Ruticilla tithys Vol. II. PI. LII. 
Black Redstart. 
A native of Central Europe and the countries to the southward and eastward thereof, pays England almost 
annually a visit during the months of autumn, when other migrants have gone south to winter in Africa ; 
still it must be regarded as an accidental visitor only. With us it frequents rocky situations ; but on the 
Continent it takes up its abode in gardens, just as the Redstart does here. 
Genus Aedon, Boie. 
The members of this genus are inhabitants of the Old World, where their head quarters appear to be 
Eastern Europe and Northern Africa. 
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