I N T R O D IJ C T I O N. 
xci 
194. Fregilus graculus ........... V^>1. HI. PI. LXIl. 
Chough. 
This truly indigenous species is spread over the three kingdoms, but is more rare in Scotland ; breeds in 
the rocks on the sea-shore, in company with Cormorants, Gulls, Puffins, and Guillemots. Found also in 
many of the hilly and Alpine parts of the European continent and in North Africa. 
Genus Pica. 
A very elegant group of birds, whether seen among the branches of trees or on the ground. Their powers 
of flight are not so great as those of the preceding members of the family. All are similarly coloured, 
black, white, and green with bronzy reflections being the prevailing tints. Tsvo species inhabit the northern 
portions of America; one is peculiar to Africa; the remainder frequent Europe, Asia, and Japan, — each 
being confined to its own limited area, beyond which it is seldom found. 
195. Pica caudata ............ Vol. III. PI. LXIII. 
Magpie. 
An ornamental and stationary species, inhabiting most of the counties of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
Genus Garrulus. 
If we restrict this genus to the birds of the Old-World form, of which our familiar Jay is a typical 
example, it will be found to consist of nine or ten species, and, as is the case with the Magpies, that Europe 
and Asia are their head quarters; at the same time North Africa is not destitute of its own peculiar Jay. 
Structurally they are especially adapted for frequenting the branches of trees, and not for the ground, 
although they are often seen there. They are a sly, crafty race ; and much obloquy attaches to them for 
their habit of pilfering the eggs and the young of other birds ; fruits and berries, insects, snails, worms, and 
other of the lower animals afforded by forests constitute, however, their chief food. 
196. Garrulus glandarius .......... Vol. III. PI. LXIV. 
Jay. 
A resident species, more common in England than in Scotland. Thompson says it is only indigenous 
in the southern parts of Ireland. Mr. J. H. Gurney considers that an autumnal migration takes place 
to our eastern coasts. On the continent of Europe the Jay is generally dispersed wherever the country 
is suited to its habits. I have a specimen killed in Spain which does not differ from examples obtained in 
this country. 
Genus Nucifraga. 
Only three or four species of Nutcracker have yet been characterized. They are inhabitants of Europe 
and Asia. 
