COTURNIX COMMUNIS. 
Common Quail. 
Tetrao coturnix, Linn. Faun. Suec., p. 74. 
Perdix coturnix, Lath. Ind. Orn., tom. ii. p. 651. 
Coturnix communis, Bonn. Ency. Meth. Orn., part i. p. 217. 
dactylisonans, Meyer, Vog. Liev- u. Esthl., p. 197. 
vulgaris, Flem. Hist, of Brit. Anim., p. 45. 
major, media et minor, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., pp. 527, 528, 529, tab. 26. fig. 4. 
Ortygion coturnix. Keys, et Bias. Wirbelth. Eur., p. 66. 
Historically speaking the Quail is one of the very oldest known of migratory birds, and is especially 
interesting from more than one point of view. It fed the Israelites of old, as it now does the epicures of 
London and Paris, was better known to Moses than to those who now regard it as a choice luxury for the 
table, and its arrival was looked forward to with as much interest in the East nearly 4000 years ago as it is 
at the present moment in Sicily, Italy, and elsewhere. It migrates from south to north in April, and takes 
the reverse course in August and September, crossing the Mediterranean and the Black Sea as regularly as 
a planet pursues its course. 
So much has been written on the history of the Quail and the extent of its range over the globe, that 
little or nothing new remains to be said on the subject. Its range is vast indeed ; for it not only inhabits 
the whole of Europe, but the greater part of India, Russia, and, perhaps, China and Japan. 
In Britain it is far less regular in its appearance than on the neighbouring continent, being plentiful in 
some seasons and at others but sparingly dispersed ; thus at one period the corn-fields and stony elevations 
almost ring with their “ whit, whit," while at others the stillness of evening is scarcely disturbed by their well- 
known notes. Of the three kingdoms, Ireland is the one most frequented by the Quail, the next England, 
and lastly Scotland. The bird does not appear to evince a preference for any particular counties, and it is just 
as likely that a pair or pairs may be found breeding in Cornwall as in the northern or any of the intervening 
English counties : it is the same in Scotland, for it may just as probably be met with on the Grampians as 
in the Lowlands ; and it has been known to breed in the Outer Hebrides. In whatever locality it affects it is 
only to be found in summer ; if an example be seen at the opposite season the circumstance must be regarded 
as an unusual one : not so, however, in Ireland, for there many, whose migratory instinct would seem to be 
in abeyance, remain during the winter, unless shot during frosts and sent over with Snipes and Plovers for 
sale to the London markets, where I have frequently seen examples at this period of the year; and on 
inquiring what part of Ireland they were from have been told Tralee, a portion of the country spoken of by 
Thompson as one in which Quails are most abundant. If a correct statistic account could be obtained of the 
numbers shot in the British Islands, and of the numbers brought to our markets alive from Egypt, Italy, and 
other southern and eastern countries, I imagine w^e should he truly astonished. Latham stated, nearly forty 
years ago, that the Quails came twice a year into the island of Capri in such vast numbers that the bishop 
of the island drew the chief part of his revenue from them, and that on the west coast of Naples, within 
the space of four or five miles, 100,000 had been taken in a day. Of the bird in a wild state in England, 
I have myself taken toll from three bevies in one day, as near to London as the parish of Langley, and 
within sight of the Royal Castle of Windsor ; hut the total number was few as eompared with the ten or 
twelve brace a day killed by Mr. Newcome at South Ferry Fens, in Norfolk, as stated by Mr. Stevenson ; 
and I have known similar instances of a like number having been procured by other sportsmen. In the 
year 1870, Quails came to this country in unusually large numbers, spreading themselves far and wide 
over England and Scotland, affording much sport to the pursuers of game ; for the ground which is suited to 
the Partridge is equally so to this diminutive but highly nutritive species. 
Who better than a clergyman, especially when he is at the same time an excellent ornithologist, ought to 
he able to settle the vexed question as to whether the “ selm ” of the Hebrews, with which they were so 
miraculously fed in the wilderness, was or was not the Quail ? Surely, then, no apology is necessary for the 
insertion of the following extract from my friend the Rev. H. B. Tristram’s ‘ Natural History of the 
Bible ’ 
“ Ingenious commentators have spared no pains in the attempt to prove the ’•selm' was not a Quail, but 
some other creature they imagined more likely to be found in the desert. In spite of all etymology, and of 
the distinet allusion in the Psalms to feathered fowl, some have suggested locusts, some flying fish ; otliers 
