NUMENIUS ARQUATA. 
Curlew. 
Scolopax arquata, Linn. Faun. Suec., p. 59. 
Numenius arquata. Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. ii. p. 710. 
major, Steph. Cont. of Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. xii. p. 26. 
medius, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., p. 609. 
If birds, like human beings, have recollections of the past, perceptions of the present, and anticipations of 
the future, sueh an endowment must necessarily add much to their happiness. I believe, however, that this 
is not the case, and that their actions and economies are purely the result of Instinct, and not of reason, and 
consequently that the Curlew, when it leaves its summer home among the heather and other flowering plants 
of the hills, carries no recollection of the past to the sea-shore or the great oozy flats of our estuaries. How 
strange it is, and how interesting to know, that a hird should frequent such totally different localities at 
opposite seasons of the year ! — the wet, oozy, mud-flats of the arms of the sea, the equally dirty sides of tidal 
rivers, and the flat shores of the ocean heing resorted to by the Curlew in winter ; while in summer it is 
strictly an inland bird, dwelling on the moorland, among bogs, on the sides of hills, and even the crowns of 
mountains — flowering rushes and blooming heather heing the places in which its four large eggs are deposited, 
and in which its downy young first see the light. On reading the foregoing lines, ornithologists may say 
that they are equally descriptive of the habits and economy of the Dunlin. Admitting that they may he, they 
are none the less interesting, since they serve to show that structure, and not size, infiuences habits and modes 
of life. If closely compared, it will be found that in anatomical details the little Dunlin differs hut little from 
the great Curlew ; and, in like manner, but slight difference occurs in their modes of life. The two birds 
have associations in common, both wintering together on the muddy flats, and impulsively taking to the hills 
when the season of reproduction is near at hand. Not only do they change their locale, hut a total change 
of food is the consequence, — small mollusks, marine worms, Crustacea, and insects forming the staple 
article of the Curlew during its sea-side sojourn; while worms, snails, and such terrestrial insects as are 
natural to the hills constitute its diet in summer. In some cases, even daring the season of reproduction, 
the Curlew performs nightly flights to the sea-side and to the neighbouring estuary ; but that this is always 
done is impossible, from the great distance Inland at which they sometimes breed. 
Many of my readers will have gathered, from what has been written, that the Curlew is indigenous to the 
British Islands ; hut, for the information of those who are not so well acquainted with our native birds, I 
may state that it is universally distributed along the coasts of England and Scotland — from the Land’s End, 
in Cornwall, to the Orkneys, — and that it is equally abundant in Ireland. In like manner it occasionally 
occurs in most parts of Europe, in Africa, and India ; it has, in fact, a very wide range — so much so, that to 
say it extends over Europe and Asia, except their most northern parts, would probably not be exceeding the 
truth. In confirmation of this assertion I may state that Faber and Dr. Kriiper mention it as having been 
killed, though very rarely, in Iceland ; in Norway it penetrates beyond the Arctic circle, but in Sweden it 
does not reach so far by some three degrees ; Swinhoe states that it is common in Amoy Creek, in China; 
and Mr. Gurney at Natal, in South Africa ; Mr. Godman that it is occasionally found in the Azores ; 
and Mr. Jerdon describes it as a bird of India. 
Some of the recorded breeding-places of the Curlew may be mentioned : — Mr. Rodd gives the large moors 
about Roughtor, Brownwilly, &c., in Cornwall; formerly, if not now, on Dart- and Exmoor; several 
parts of Wales ; the Dei'bys hire moors ; the mountains of the English lake-districts ; Scotland, both the 
highlands and the lowlands ; the Orkneys and Hebrides, and many parts of Ireland. 
“During the breeding-season,” says Sir William Jardine, in a note to his edition of Wilson’s ‘American 
Ornithology,’ “ the Curlew is entirely an inhabitant of the upland moors and sheep pastures, and, in the 
soft and dewy mornings of May and June, forms an object in tbeir early solitude which adds to their wildness. 
At first dawn, when nothing can be seen but rounded hills of rich and green pasture, rising one beyond an- 
other with perhaps an extensive meadow between, looking more boundless by the mists and shadows of morn, 
a long string of sheep, marching off at a sleepy pace on their well-beaten track to some more favourite 
feeding-ground, the shrill tremulous eall of the Curlew to his mate has something in it wild and melancholy, 
yet always pleasing. In such situations do they build, making almost no nest, and, during tbe com- 
mencement of their amours, run skulkingly among the long grass and rushes, the male rising and 
sailing round, or descending with the wings closed above his back, and uttering his peculiar quavering 
whistle. The approach of an intruder requires more demonstration of his powers, and he approaches near. 
