TOTANUS OCHROPUS. 
Green Sandpiper. 
Tringa ochropus, Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 250. 
Aldrovandi, Ray, Syn., p. 108, A 7, 8. 
glareola, Markw. in Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. i. p. 128, and vol. ii. p. 325. 
Totanus ochropus, Temm. Man. d’Orn., p. 420. 
, rivalis, et leucourus, Brehm, Handb. Naturg. aller Vdg. DeutschL, pp. 641, 642, 643. 
Helodromos ochropus, Bonap. Compt. Rend, de I’Acad. des Sci., tom. 43, seances des 15 et 22 Sept. 1856. 
Ilelodromas ochropus, A. Newton, in Px’oc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 529. 
Those persons who are in the habit of wandering over meads and grassy lands, with their little round 
ponds for the watering of cattle, or by the sides of brooks, rivnlets, and reservoirs, must have frequently 
risen a bird about the size of a Snipe, conspicuous for its strong and rapid flight, and for the loud 
whistling cry it emits as it mounts in the air. This is the Green Sandpiper — a bird which frequents the 
smallest water-holes as well as the margins of streams. In siicli situations this elegantly formed bird trips 
lightly over the oozy mud or along the edge of the water in search of insects and their larvae. Although 
it is sometimes seen both in winter and summer, it is most frequently met with during its spring and 
autumnal migrations ; at other periods it is either breeding in countries further north, or wintering 
in more southern latitudes. That it never stays and breeds with us is almost certain, notwithstanding the 
assertion of some ornithologists to the contrary. Wide-spread, indeed, is it in the countries of the Old 
World, since it is very generally distributed over the whole of Europe, Africa, India, China, and Japan. 
I have received specimens from Borneo ; and it doubtless visits the neighbouring islands of Sumatra 
and Java, as it certainly does St. Helena in the South Atlantic. 
That exceptions to general rules exist in the habits of birds as well as in all other animals, is shown 
in many instances ; but, I presume, it never entered the brain of the most imaginative ornithologist that 
a Sandjnper laid its eggs high up in a tree, until the fact was made known by the foresters and samns 
of Scandinavia and Pomerania ; and if positive and authentic evidence of the truth of their statements had 
not been produced, such an assertion would not have been believed. It is only as yesterday that its 
anomalous habit of depositing its eggs on the branches of trees has become known. The Peewit resorts 
for the purpose of nidification to open commons and waste lands, the Ruff, the Redshank and the Wood- 
Sandpiper to the marsh, the Summer Snipe to the sedgy banks of streams, and the Dunlin to the upland 
moors; the Green Sandpiper, on the other hand, searches for the deserted nest of a Pigeon, a Jay, a 
Thrush, or the drey of a Squirrel, in which to deposit its very beautiful eggs. This fact may take some of 
my readers by surprise ; but all I have said is confirmed in a paper on the .subject, read by Mr. Alfred Newton 
at the meeting of the Zoological Society of London held on the 8th of December 1 863, of which the following 
are the more inqxortant passages : — 
“In the ‘Journal fur Ornithologie ’ for 1855, Herr Wiese, writing on the Ornithology of Pomerania, 
especially in the district of Coslin, says that he had first heard from an old sportsman, who knew the 
peculiarities of all the forest-animals, that the Totanus ochropus nested in old Thrushes’ nests, which 
information, he remarks, ‘ I naturally did not believe but he states that some years after, in 1845, he 
obtained from the same man four fine eggs of a bird of this species, which for many years had been wont to 
nestle in an old beech tree. Still doubtful on the subject, the following spring he himself found a nest of 
the bird on a pine which had a fork about five-and-twenty or thirty feet high. ‘ Joyfully,’ he says, ‘ I climbed 
the tree, and found in that fork four eggs on a simple bed of old moss.’ In the spring of 1853 he again 
obtained four eggs of the same species ; and on the 25th of May 1854 he found four others placed in the 
old nest of a Song-Thrush, out of which the shed buds of the beech had not so much as been removed. 
“ In the ‘ Naumannia ’ for 1856, in an account of an excursion in Western Pomerania, Dr. Altum states that 
Totanus ochropus returns annually to its old nesting-places, these being Misseltoe-Thrushes’ nests, whose 
remains were still to be seen, often some hundred yards distant from the nearest pool, and their height 
fifteen feet or more from the ground. The same journal for 1857 contains a valuable series of observations 
on the birds of the same district hy Herr W. Hintz, in which the author says that on the 6th of May, 1855, 
he found three eggs of this bird on an '■Else' [quaere, Pyrus domesticaT\ in an old Dove’s nest, as he thinks, 
though he states it might have been that of a Jay. Formerly, he proceeds to remark, he had only observed 
this Sandpiper to use old nests of Turdus musicus, excepting once, when he found some young ones, only a 
few days old, hard by a river-bank on a layer of pine-needles on an ‘ Else ’-stub. * * * 
