Biological Control in Western Australia. 
9 
Lea, A. 1895, “ Scale Insects,” Journ. Bur. Ayric. W. AtisL Vol. 2, p. 564. 
Newman, L. J. 1907, “ Report of Assist, Entomologist,” Journ. Dept. Aqric. ?!'. Aust. 
Vol, XV., p. 914. 
Newman, L. J. 1909, “ Beneficial Parasites,” ibid, Vol. XVIII., p. 381. 
Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) (Red Scale) 
Red Scale was first reported on citrus in Western Australia from the 
Metropolitan Area by Lea in 1895. Since that date, it has gradually spread to 
most of the citrus growing districts of the State. 
Various attempts to control this scale biologically have been made and a 
number of Coccinellids as well as wasp parasites have been introfluced. The 
most successful introduction is the liyrnenopteron Apliytis chrysomphali Mercet. 
imported by Compere from C^hina in 1905. 
The most recent introductions have been made with the co-operation 
of the Entomological Division of the C.S.I.R., the wasp having been originally 
obtained from China by the Imperial Parasite Service, Canada. 
Comperislla hifasciata How. has long been known as a parasite of the 
Vellow Scale [A. ciirina (Coc{.)] but it is only in recent years that a race has 
been detected capable of developing in A. aurantii. 
In Table III details of the v'arious attempted introductions are set out ; — 
TABLE in. 
Parasite or Predator. 
Introduced 
Prom. 
Bate of 
Intro- 
duction. 
Number 
Intro- 
duced. 
Number 
Liber- 
ated. 
M'here 
Liberated. 
Intro- 
duced. 
By. 
Subse- 
quent 
History 
Cocdnellid 
China 
1905 
9 
14 
Metropolitan 
Area 
Compere 
Established 
Bo. 
Jerusalem .... 
1904 
9 
160 
do. 
do. 
Failed? 
Bo. 
Japan 
1907 
? 
9 
do. 
do. 
Failed 
Bo. 
Ceylon 
1907 
? 
9 
<lo. 
do. 
do. 
Bo. 
Spain 
1907 
? 
? 
do. 
do. 
do. 
Aphytis chrusomphali 
China 
1905 
? 
9 
do. 
do. 
Established 
(Mercet) 
Unspecified parasite 
Japan 
1907 
9 
20 
do. 
do. 
9 
(Hymenoptera?) 
Bo. do. 
Colombo 
1907 
9 
50 
do. 
do. 
9 
Bo. do. 
China 
1907 
? 
20 
do. 
do. 
9 
7 spp 
do 
1907 
9 
? 
9 
do. 
Failed 
2 spp. 
Ceylon 
1907 
9 
9 
9 
do. 
do. 
6 spp. 
Japan 
1909 
9 
1120 
9 
do. 
'> 
Comperiella bifasciata 
Japan 
1909 
9 
9 
? 
do. 
Failed 
How. 
Bo. do. 
Canlierra 
(C.S.l.K.) 
1943-44 
400 
1000 
Harvey, Saw- 
yers Valley, 
Gosnells, 
Metropolitan 
Area 
Jenkins 
9 
literature. 
Compere, G. 1906, “ Red Scale Parasites,” Journ. Dept. Agric. IF. Aust. Vol. XIV., 
P- 5. 
Compere, H. 1936. Bull. Ent. Res. Vol. 27,, p. 494. 
Despeissi.s, A. 1906, Acting Directors Report,” Journ. Dept. Agric. W. Aust. Vol.,, 
XIV., p. 326. 
Lea, A. 1985, Journ. Bur. Agric. W. Aust. Vol. 2. p. .564. 
Newman, L. J. 1907, '‘Report of Assist. Entomologist,” Journ. Dept. Agric. If. Au^' . 
Vol. XV., p. 918. 
Newman, L. J. 1909, “ Beneficial Parasites,” Ibid. Vol. XVIII., p. 381. 
Jenkins, C. E. H. 1945, “ The Citrus Red Scale,” Ibid. Vol. XXII, (2nd Sen) p. 10. 
