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LICHENES. 
Pertusaria communis D. C. A cosmopolitan species and commercial source 
of litmus. 
Urceolaria scruposa L. is used in England as the source of a red dye. Other 
dye plants among the lichens which are, however, not found in the Iowa 
Flora, are: Bazzania trilohata (L.) S. P. Gray, growing on pines in the Rocky 
Mountains and used by the Montana Indians, Evernia vulpina (L.) Ach. (Tree 
Moss, Shwa-wi-san, 01-ga-ti, or Yellow Moss) used by the California Indians, 
and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Pr. (Wall Lichen), all utilized in dyeing 
yellow; Umbillicaria polyrhiza L. and Rinodina oreina (Ach.) Walnio, furnish- 
ing red dyes; and the following yielding litmus: Gladonia sp., Dendrographa 
leucophaea (Tuck.) Darbish. (California Seaweed), Lecanora tartarea Achr. 
(Cudbear, Tartarean Moss, Korkablatt, Canary-weed), Parmelia sp. Roccella 
tinctoria DC. (Dyer’s Moss, Canary Moss) and other species of Roccella. 
