116 
IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
PINACEAE. 
Juniperus communis L. (Dwarf Juniper), as well as species of yew are used, 
especially in Australia, in tanning. 
There are many tan barks among the Conifers. Among them are the Pirst-Ba, 
or White Fir (Adies concolor Lindl.), Lowland Fir (A. grandis Lindl.) and 
Silver Fir (A. pectinata DC.); the Larch {Larix europaea DC. ); the Spruces — 
White Spruce {Picea alha L.), Sitka Spruce, (P. sitcTiensis Prank) and Nor- 
way Spruce (P. excelsa Link.); the Pines — California Swamp Pine {Finns 
muricata D. Don.) the Monterey Pine (P. insignis Dough) and Aleppo Pine 
(P. Jialepensis Mill.); the Hemlock Spruce {T. canadensis Carr and T. Jietero- 
phylla Sarg.) and the Redwoods {Sequoia gigantea Lindl. and Gord. and 8. 
sempervirens Endl.) 
Dye plants among the Conifers are not numerous. In the Himalaya Moun- 
tains, the natives use the. cones of the King, or Dye-Pine {AMes We'bMana 
Lindl.) in making a violet dye; the Maoris of New Zealand utilize the bark of 
the Celery Pine, Pitch Pine, or Tanekaka {Phyllocladus trichomanioides D. 
Don.) in dyeing black and red. The White Fir, mentioned previously as a 
source of tanning material, is used by the Indians of Northwest America in 
dyeing a light brown. 
• GRAMINEAE. 
Phragmites communis Trin. (Reed) The flowering tops of this plant used 
with copperas as a mordant, furnish a green dye which, according to Plow’^- 
right, is utilized in Great Britain. 
The Dhurra {Sorghum vulgar e Pers.) often escaped from cultivation, is the 
source of a crimson dye. The use of caramel, derived from sugar, in coloring 
foods is well known. The Aeluropus laevis Trin. is one of the food plants of 
a Kermes insect from which a purple dye is made. 
SABALACEAE. 
The Dragon’s-blood {Daemonorops Draco Blume) is the source of a red resin 
much used and also contains tannin. Tannin is present in the roots of the Coco 
Palm {Cocos nucifera L.) and in the Dwarf Palmetto {Sahal Adansoni Guerns.) 
LILIACEAE. 
The cultivated Onion {Allium Cepa L.) -furnishes a yellow-brown dye. 
Many of the Aloes, as the Cape Aloe {Aloe ar'borescens Mill.) of South Africa, 
A Succotrina Lam., and A. spicata L., have a commercial importance as sources 
of yellow dye. Socotra {Draeaena Gima'bari Balf.) is a commercial source of 
red resin. The roots of Zanthorrhim apiifolia L’Herit. (Shrub Yellow-wort, 
Parsley-leaved Yellow-wort) are said by von Mueller and Lyons to contain a 
yellow dye. 
IRIDACEAE. 
The cultivated Crocus {Crocus sativus L.) also known as Saffron or Azafran, 
is grown in Afghanistan for the yellow coloring matter which is contained in 
the stigmas. 
ZINGIBERACEAE. 
The Galangal {Alpina otficinarum Hance) of China and A. Galanga 
of Java supply the Galangal yellow of commerce. Several species of Curcuma 
