IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 
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are important as commercial sources of turmeric. C. Tonga L. (Turmeric Plant, 
Huldee, or Indian Saffron) is undoubtedly the . species most utilized, although 
commercial saffron is also derived from the rhizome of the Ango, Ukon, or 
Kyo-o (0. Zedoaria Rose.) of Japan, Samoa, and the Himalaya Mountains and 
from C. viridifora Roxb. of Sumatra. 
CANNACEAE. 
The cultivated Canna (Canna indica L.) known also as Ipdian Shot, Mango- 
halono-tano, or Aliipoe, produces a purple dye which is, however, not per- 
manent. 
MARANTACEAE. 
Another source of turmeric is Eaempferia pandurata Roxb. 
CASTJARINACAE. 
A red dye is obtained from the Swamp Oak (Casuarina equisetifolia L.) 
known also as Beefwood, Ironwood, Agoho, or Toa, of the Pacific Islands and 
Malay. In the Island of Guam, it is used as a source of tannin. 
SALICACEAE. 
Salix alia L. (Silky Willow or Huntington Willow) contains a yellow 
dye-principle and is a commercial source of tannin. ^ 
8. fragilis L. (Snap, Brittle, or Red Willow) contains tannin. Practically 
all of the Willows and Poplars contain tannin. In England the Saugh, Sal- 
low, or Hedge Willow (8. Caprae L.) is important. 
The buds of some species of Poplar (Populus) used in dyeing yellow. 
MYRICACEAE. 
The Sweet Fern, Fern-gale or Pern-bush (Myrica asplenifolia L.) is a com- 
mercial source of tannin. The Devonshire or Moss Myrtle, Moss Wythan, 
Bay-bush, or Sweet Gale, as it is variously known, (M. Gale L.) is used in 
Great Britain in dyeing pale yellow; from the Chinese species M. Nagi Thunb. 
(the Yangmoe of China and Kaiphal of India) a brown-orange dye is obtained. 
JUGLANDACEAE. 
Juglans cinerea L. (Bitternut or White Walnut) A decoction from the 
leaves, bark, and unripe fruit was used in dyeing the famous “butter-nut 
I)rown” of Civil War times. With an acid this becomes purple. 
The wood contains tannin. 
J. nigra L. (Black Walnut) Supt. O. H. Greene of the Indian Agency 
at Toledo says that the Tama Indians still use the husks from the nuts as a 
dye material. It is one of the few dyes requiring no mordant. 
The bark and wood both contain tannin. 
Cary a olivaeformis Nutt. (Pecan) furnishes a yellow dye-principle. 
C. porcina Nutt. (Pig-nut Hickory) contains a yellow, and the White- 
heart Hickory or Mocker-nut (0. tomentosa Nutt.) a green dye-principle. 
BETULACEAE. 
The bark of the Alder (Alnus glutinosa Medic.) furnishes a yellow dye 
and contains tannin. Prom the Munbar (A. flrma Sieb and Zucc.) of Japan 
is derived a black dye. According to Coville, the Oregon Indians make an 
