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IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 
orange dye from the Wiplam (A. ienuifoUa Nutt.) ; while Chesnut states 
that in California the Indians use Umse, Ga-sheti, or Kus (A. rJiomMfolia 
Nutt.) for a similar purpose. In England there is a folk-use of A. nepalensis 
D. Don.) for dyeing browm. A. maritima Nutt, and A. nitida Endl. are also 
dye-plants. Many of these barks, notably A. glutinosa Medic, contain tannin. 
The bark of the Lady Birch, White Birch, Makepeace or Ribbon-tree {Betula 
aWa L.) is used in Great Britain in dyeing brown and contains tannin. 
FAGACEAE. 
Quercus alha L. (White Oak) contains tannin. 
Q. macrocarpa Michx. (Bur Oak, Mossy-back Oak) contains tannin. 
Q. nigra L. contains a dye material and, although it was used in Iowa in 
early days in tanning, the presence of this coloring principle made its use 
rather unsatisfactory. 
Q. ruhra L. (Red Oak) contains tannin. 
Q. velutina Lindl. (Dyer’s Oak, Black Oak, Yellow-bark Oak) furnishes a 
yellow dye. Practically all oaks contain tannin; some being especially valuable 
as commercial sources of tan-bark. Among the latter is the Valonia (Q. 
Aegilops L.) the unripe cups and acorns of which, according to several authors, 
are used in dyeing and making ink, the annual export from Smyrna alone 
amounting to thousands of tons. Others are California Black Oak (Q. cali- 
fornica Coop.), the Turkey Oak (Q. Cerris L.), the Canyon Live-Oak (Q. cJiryso- 
iepis Liebm.), the Tan-bark Oak {Q. densiflora Hook and Arn.), Black Oak 
(0. discolor Ait.) which not only tans but dyes the leather a brilliant yellow^ 
the Pacific Post-oak {Q. Garry ana Hooi]s.) , the Evergreen Oak {Q. Ilex L.), the 
Ki-yam {Q. lohata Nee) from which, according to Chesnut, the California 
Indians also make an ink, the California White Oak {Q. lusitanica Lam.) also 
a source of ink galls, the Chestnut Oak (Q. Prinos L.) the African Oak (Q. 
Pseudo-suloer Santi.). and the English Oak {Q. Rohur L.) also used in England 
in deying brown. Several serve as food sources for the Kermes insects and 
from the galls thus formed is obtained the brilliant cochineal dye of commerce. 
The most important of these is the Cochineal Oak (Q. coccifera L.) also known 
as the Kermes Oak. 
The Chestnut {Castanea dentata Borkh.) furnished both dye and tan ma- 
terials. 
MORACEAE. 
Humulus Lupulus L. (Hop-vine), according to Plowright, is used in Great 
Britain in dyeing yellow. 
Madura aurantiaca Nutt. (Osage Orange, North American Bow-wood, Yellow 
Wood or Osage Apple) contains a yellow dye-principle in its roots. 
Fustic, Yellow Brazilwood, Holland Yellow-wood, or Cuba-wood {CMoropTiora 
tinctoria Gaud.) is a commercial source of fustic which has not yet been 
replaced by an artificial product. The root of Cudrania Javenensis Tree.) of 
Australia contains a yellow dye-principle. 
PROTEACEAE. 
The Heath Honeysuckle (Banksia serratal) contains tannin in its bark, and 
the same substance is also found in a related species B. integrifolia, in Grevillea 
striata R. Br, Exocarpus cupressiformis Labill., the Silver Tree (Leucadendrum 
