IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
121 
material is first dyed a blue with woad and then put in the yellow dye from 
weld, thus producing the famous shade. 
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 
TlT,e Curtidor Bark (Weinmannia pinnata L., W, racemosa L., and W. tinc- 
toria Sm.), the Alum-root (Heuchera americana L.) and many other represent- 
atives of the family contain tannin. 
ROSACEAE. 
The berries of the Whitethorn, Maybush, or Wickens {Crataegus Oxycantha 
L.) are used in making a yellow dye. According to Coville, the Klamath 
Indians of Oregon express a purple dye from the outer coat of the berries 
of the Chaklo or Buckbush (Purshia tridentata DC.) with which they stain 
their bodies. According to Plowright, there is a folk-use in England of the 
Tormentilla, Septfoil, or Shepherd’s-knapperty (Potentilla Tormentilla Neele.) 
in making a dull-red dye. The plant also contains tannin which also is present 
in the bark of the Apricot {Prunus Armeniaca L.) and of the Mountain Ash 
(Pyrus Aueuparia Ehrh.) In Great Britain, the green inner bark of the 
Apple {Pyrus Malus L.) is used in dyeing green. 
LEGUMINOSAE. 
Amorpha fruticosa L. (False Indigo, River Locust, or Bastard Indigo) 
was formerly a commercial source of indigo. 
Baptisia tinctoria R. Br.) (Wild Indigo, Indigo Broom, American Indigo, 
Yellow Indigo) contains indigo. 
Many of the Legumes contain indigo and are commercial sources of this 
product, the more important being the various species of Indigofera and 
Tephrosia, the West Indian Indigo-plant or Devil’s-eye {I. Anil L.) and the 
I. tinctoria L. being the species most cultivated of the former and T. Apollinea 
Link and T. toxicaria Pers. of the latter. To obtain the indigo, the whole 
plant -is immersed in water and undergoes fermentation and maceration 
through heating. The water is then drawn off, the blue powder settles at 
the bottom of the pans where it is allowed to dry and is then made into 
cakes. There are many dye-plants among the Acacias. The Black Thorn (A. 
■farnesiana Willd.) furnishes a red dye which is used in Guam; the Black Wattle 
(A. decurrens Willd.) yields a red, brown, black, or violet dye according to 
the salt used. A. Catechu Willd. (Ourouparia Gambler, Cashou, or Katechu) 
yields a dull-brown dye but is chiefly valuable as the source of gambler so much 
in demand by tanners. Practically all Acacias contain tannin, the principle 
commercial species being the Red Cebil, (A. Cehil Griseb.), Espinillo, (A. 
farnesiana Willd.), the Black Wattles, A. hinervata, DC., A. dealhata Link., 
and A. decurrens Willd.), Pilang (A. leucophaea Willd.) Hickory Bark (A. 
penninervis SiebA, Golden Wattle (A. pycnantha Benth.) the Doornbosch 
(A. horrida Willd.) and A. Suma Kurz. The heartwood of the Red Sandal- 
wood or Kulalis {Adenanthera pavonina L.) supplies a red dye which the 
Brahmins of India used in marking their foreheads. The Ipil or Ifit {Afzelia 
hijuga Gray.) contains a brown dye. Goa powder comes from the Araiba or 
Araroba Tree {Andira Araroha Ag.). The Kidney-vetch, Cat’s-claws or Crawnel 
{Anthyllis Yulneraria L.) is of folk-use in Great Britain in dyeing yellow. 
The Barwood, Camwood, Kambe-wood or Baban-wood {Baphia nitida Lodd.) 
