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IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
Many of these also contain dye-principles. R. Coriaria L. with an alum lake 
produces a hrown dye; R. cotinus L. the yellow dye, fustic, which has not 
been replaced by artificial preparations; the juice of the berries of the Squaw- 
bush {R. trilohata Nutt.) mixed with Pinon gum are used by the Hopi Indians 
in making a red paint which is the Cup-na-la, a ceremonial pigment. Other 
tannin plants are the Kliphout (AnapJirenium argenteum E. Mey.), the Mango 
{Mangifera indica L.), the Quebracho {QuehracMa Lorentzii Griseb.), the 
Mastic or Balsam-tree (Pistachia Lentiscus L.), the Turpentine-tree (P. Tere- 
hinthus L.) the tannin being contained in galls produced on the bark by an 
aphis, and species of Schinus {S. dependens Orteg., S. tereMnthifolius Raddi. 
and the Pepper-tree S. Mollee L.). Of other dye-plants in this family, there 
are the Quebracho, already mentioned, which affords a yellow dye, and the 
Oriental Cashew-nut or Marking-fruit (Semecarpus Anacardium L. fils) the 
juice of which produces an indelible black stain. 
AQUIFOLIACEAE. 
The Mate or Paraguay Tea (Ilex paraguensis A. St. Hil.) contains about 15% 
tannin which is also present in other species of the family. 
ACERACEAE. 
Acer saecharum Marsh (Sugar Maple, Rock Maple.) The bark of this species 
is important in the manufacture of several American dyes. 
HIPPOCASTANACEAE. 
The bark of the Horse Chestnut, Buckeye, Bongay, or Konker-tree (Aesculus 
Hippocastanum L.) contains tannin. 
EHAMjSTACEAE. 
The seeds of Christ’s Thorn (Paliurus aculeatus Lam.) contain a dye. The 
various species of Rhamnus yield dyes, the color depending upon the mordant 
used. Thus the purple juice of the fresh, ripe berries of the Buckthorn, 
Rhineberry, or Hartsthorn (R. cathartica L.) treated with an alkali is the 
source of the “sap-green” or “bladder-green” of commerce. In England, ac- 
cording to Plowright, a folk-use of the berries of this species and of the Black 
Dogwood or Berry Alder (R. Frangula L.) in making a yellow dye is known. 
Chinese green indigo is obtained from R. dahurica Pal. and R. tinctoria Waldst. 
and Kit. The French-berries (R. Alaternus L.) yield a dye. The Spanish- 
berries (R. saxatilis Jacq.) with alum produce a bright-yellow dye, but with 
iron, it becomes a dark-olive. R. oleoides yields a green dye. The root-bark 
of the Kanwait or Ventilago (Yentilago madraspatana Gaertn.) contains a 
brown coloring stuff, the berries a blue. 
BIXACEAE. 
The pods of the Anatto or Orlean (Bixa Orellana L.) contain a yellow dye- 
principle used in coloring butter and oils. The Indians prepare a paint from 
the same species. 
VIOLACEAE. 
The Pansy, Heart’s-ease, Lady’s-delight, Herb-trinity, Love-in-idleness, or 
Three-faces-in-a-hood (Yiola tricolor L.) a cultivated plant often escaped from 
cultivation, contains a yellow dye-principle. 
DATISCACEAE. 
A yellow dye is obtained from the Bastard Hemp (Datisca cannaMna L.) 
