GEOGRAPHICAL SUMMARY 187 
life being totally different from those under which the 
nomad Kirghiz live. 
The separate linguistic areas are almost necessarily 
coincident with the ethnological areas. The Kirghiz 
give their own Turki names to the geographical features 
with which they are brought into relation. The Tajiks 
call the same objects by names borrowed from their 
language, which is Persian, By way of illustration, 1 
may mention that nearly all the rivers which flow towards 
the west are generally known by their Kirghiz names in 
the upper part of their course, and by their Persian (Tajik) 
names in their lower course. Thus we have the Ak-su 
known lower down as the Murghab, the Gurumdi known 
as the Ghunt. In one district there are two small streams 
flowing together side by side. One has a Kirghiz (Turki) 
name — Kok-uy-bel, because the glen through which it 
flows is frequented by Kirghiz. The other bears the 
Persian name of Kuh-darah, because there is a Tajik 
village close beside the entrance to its valley. 
