TILL-LIKE DEPOSITS SOUTH OF KANSAS RIVER 65 
View 3 . Debris-laden ice bergs and outwash. — The find- 
ing of erratics still farther south than the described till-like 
exposures and the recording of erratic pebbles as far south as 
38° north latitude 8 may be suggestive of glacio-fluvial or marginal 
lake conditions. Todd has located, mapped and described several 
marginal glacial lakes and several drift-filled channels, one of 
which is southeast of Lawrence. 9 
The till-like character of the deposits tends to argue against 
their being outwash materials. It is possible, although not prob- 
able, that the deposits owe their position to the melting and de- 
positing of debris-laden ice bergs which floated either on a mar- 
ginal lake or else in the current of a glacial stream. That ice 
rafted boulders are common is known to all glacial geologists. 
Till-like deposits having a similar mode of origin are questionable 
or at least none are on record as far as the writer’s knowledge 
is concerned. 
CONCLUSIONS 
Although no definite conclusions regarding the origin of the 
described deposits can be made at the present time, the writer is 
inclined to favor equally views 1 and 2. It is obvious that in such 
a region as this, located in the zone of maximum extension of an 
ice sheet, invaded by the next to the oldest ice invasion, the 
Kansan, subjected to a very long period of weathering and 
erosion, and cut up at its most critical places by a wide valley, 
evidences of past glaciation must necessarily be greatly obscured. 
Only by the most detailed investigation can the exact position of 
the Kansan ice sheet and the history of the region be worked out. 
It is to the endless zeal and scientific spirit of the pioneer explorer, 
Professor Todd of the State University of Kansas, that we owe 
much of our present knowledge of the Pleistocene of North- 
eastern Kansas. 
Department oe Geology, 
State University oe Kansas. 
8 Mudge, B. F.j Geology of Kansas: Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Fourth 
Agricultural Report and Census, p. 109, 1875. 
Chamberlin, T. C., and Salisbury, R. D., Preliminary Paper on the Upper Missis- 
sippi Valley: U. S. G. S., 6th; Ann. Rep’t., p. 314, 1885. 
v 9 Loc. cit. p. 41, and map 1. 
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