BUDYTES FLAVA. 
Grey-headed Wagdail. 
MotaciUa Jlava, Liun. Faun. Suec., p. 92 ? 
noijlecta, Govild in Proe. of Comm, of Sci. and Coit. of Zool. Soc., 18;V2, p. 12.9. 
(^Budytes) flava. Keys, et Bias. Wirb. Ear., p. 49. 
Budytes flaviis, Cuv. Kegn. Anim., 1817, tom. i. p. 371. 
flam, Bonap. Geog. and Comp. List of Birds of Eur. and. N. Amer., p. 18. 
Goiddii, Macgill. Man. Nat. Hist., Orn., yol. i. p. 1(13. 
Some of the Field-Wagtails forming the genus Budytes range throughout Europe, Africa, Persia, India, 
and China, while one or more frequent Malasia, the great islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the 
Moluccas ; now, with a knowledge of the wide distribution of these birds, and of the great differences in the 
colour of their plumage, we cannot, in my opinion, but believe that there are many distinct species, and not 
only three or four, as some are Inclined to think. Structurally they are all exceedingly similar — so similar that 
the anatomist from a comparison of their bony frames alone would, I believe, find it exceedingly difficult 
to separate them ; colour and marking, then, must guide us in our inquiries respecting this group. Some 
ornithologists have separated the European Field-Wagtails into three or four species under as many specific 
names ; others, while admitting that they differ, hesitate to view them in that light. Dr. Schlegel, of Leyden, 
in his ‘ Revue Critique des Oiseaux d’Europe,’ while keeping both the yellow and the pied species under the one 
generic name oi MotaciUa, designates them thus : — MotaciUa flava , M. flam Rayi, M. flam cinereocapilla, M. 
flam melanocephala, and M. citreola ; but such trinomes are not admissible in modern zoological nomenclature. 
The bird under consideration Schlegel calls MotaciUa flam, considering it to be the oldest named species, 
and the one to which Linnaeus gave that specific appellation. This, however, in my opinion is questionable, 
since it rarely goes so far north as Scandinavia, while that B, cinereocapilla commonly does so is certain ; 
for I killed many examples in those countries, some with their breasts spotted with black, as mentioned 
in Linnaeus’s descidptlon in the ‘ Fauna Snecica and this is the reason why I called the present bird 
neglecta, a term which, although not employed here, may subsequently have to be adopted for it ; and in that 
case cinereocapilla will have to rank as a synonym to flam. B.flam, B. Rayi, B. cinereocapilla, and B. 
melanocephala oxc. evidently regarded by Schlegel as varieties of the same species, while B. citreola he considers 
distinct. Let us institute comparisons between the four nearest-allied of these birds in their full nuptial 
attire. Can we for a moment associate our citron-faced Yellow Wagtail, with the jet-black-headed B. 
melanocephalal or does its bright-yellow throat assimilate to the white throat of the grey-headed B.flava, vel 
neglecta, or the dark ash-headed B, cinereocapilla ? If they be really the same, then we must unite with them 
at least three species from India, and [)erhaps others from Africa and China. It would be quite out of place 
here to venture upon the subject of the origii^^ of species, or whence these distinctions emanated. We 
find in these birds, as well as in the typical Motacillce, certain well-marked characters, which are very apparent 
in the fully adult birds, while the young so closely assimilate as to render it almost impossible to distinguish 
one from the other. In this respect the European Wagtails are like the Sparrows, Passer domesticiis, P. 
cisalpinus, and P. hispaniolensis, the young of all three of which, but particularly of the two latter, are 
extremely similar ; I might also cite the members of the nearly allied genus Anthus of Europe and Asia, 
were it necessary to select other groups bearing upon the subject of amalgamating or separating what may 
or may not be considered species. My own opinion is that ornithological science will become more interesting 
and better understood by the student if we treat of each of these constant variations under distinctive 
appellations. It is now time to say something of the countries where the present bird is found, and of its 
occurrence in our island. In Europe it is strictly a migrant. In the vernal months it passes the Mediterranean 
in great numbers, resting on its way on the Maltese and other islands, and spreads over many of the southern 
parts of the Continent, but is more abundant in France, Belgium, Holland, and the south of Germany than 
elsewhere. After breeding and pas.sing the summer in those countries, it retires again and winters in 
Africa, following the same law, in this respect, as other southern migrants. In England its presence is 
purely accidental, but its appearances are too numerous to be given in detail. Sometimes it comes in company 
with the Yellow Wagtail, at others alone ; we may perchance meet with it the first day we visit the country, 
and years may roll over without our again seeing it. A mere narrow strait separates this bird from us ; 
and the chalk cliffs of Dover may exchange greeting with those of Boulogne ; for each has its downs tenanted 
with Yellow and Pied Wagtails distinct from those of its opposite neighbour, and seldom are the domains of 
either encroached upon ; nature whispers to each their prescribed limits, beyond which they are not to 
proceed. 
