ALAUDA ARBOREA, Linn. 
Wood-Lark. 
Alauda arhorea, Linn. Faun. Suec., p. 77. 
nemorosa, Gmel. edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 797. 
cristatella. Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. 499. 
Galerida nemorosa, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl, p. 316. 
arhorea, Brehm, ib., p. 317. 
Lullula arhorea, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., p. 92. 
Galerita arhorea. Cab. Mus. Hein., Theil i. p. 125. 
Alauda anthirostris, Landb. 1843. 
This charming little bird, although closely resembling the Sky-Lark in its colouring, possesses many 
characteristics by which it may be distinguished from that species : it is considerably smaller in size, has 
a more slender bill, the hinder claw not so lengthened, a somewhat redder tint on the upper surface, and 
a tail not more than two-thirds of the length of that of its congener, a feature which at all times renders 
it conspicuously different. 
As its name implies, it is an inhabitant of woods, or, rather, wooded lands, such as parks and scantily 
timbered forests, where it readily perches on the branches of the oak and other large trees — a practice not in 
accordance with that of the Sky-Lark, whose province is the ground, except when prompted to ascend on 
high, pour forth its lays to the rising sun, and herald in the day with its spirited strains. The circular ascents 
of the Wood-Lark, though often of greater duration than those of its congener, are never so lofty ; and 
its sweet and soothing song is as often uttered from the branch of a tree in the neighbourhood of its 
mate, who is incubating her eggs in a secretly ensconced nest on the ground, as in the air. No mother’s 
lullaby tuned over her endeared infant was ever more sweet and soothing. By one author its note is said 
to be among “ the most touching sounds of nature ; ” by another, “ rich and rather of a plaintive cast, 
frequently poured forth during the warmer nights of summer.” By the French it is called “ le Lulu,” a 
term having reference to some of its softer notes. Although a common bird in England, the Wood-Lark is 
by no means universally dispersed therein ; for it would seem that in some counties it is seldom if ever seen. 
In Cornwall Mr. Rodd says it is “local, not common in the west, more frequent about Truro and Tregony;” 
and this reminds me of a question put to me by Lord Falmouth — “ What bird is it I hear at Tregothnan, 
singing in the air long after dusk during the months of spring and early summer? ” — a question I could not 
at the time satisfactorily answer ; but, from Mr. Rodd’s assertion that the bird is common in that district, I 
have now no doubt that it is the Wood-Lark. It\ appears to be numerous in all the south-western counties, 
but, according to Montagu, is more plentiful in Devonshire than elsewhere. I can myself affirm that it 
breeds in most of the southern and midland parts of England. In the eastern division of the country it 
would appear to be far less numerous. Mr. Stevenson says, in his ‘ Birds of Norfolk,’ that it is by no 
means plentiful there, that it is confined almost entirely to the western parts of that county, and only to be 
found in those localities that are best adapted to its nesting-habits. Sherwood forest one would suppose to 
be the place of all others for the Wood-Lark; yet Mr. Sterland states, in his history of the birds of that 
district, that it is not common there. Selby, referring to Northumberland, says, “ with us it is by no means 
an abundant species.” Macgllllvray states his belief that it has not been observed in Scotland ; and that 
competent authority. Sir William Jardine, remarks that he has not seen a Scottish specimen, and cannot 
refer to any authentic instance of its capture ; yet Sir Robert Sibbald and Dr. Fleming both include it in 
their Lists of the birds of that country; Mr. Thomas Edwards informed the Rev. F. O. Morris that he had 
found this bird as far north as Banff; and Yarrell states that the late Mr. Heysham says it is sometimes 
taken by the bird-catchers in the vicinity of Dumfries ; I apprehend, therefore, that it only wants looking 
for, to confirm the opinion I am now hazarding that it does form part of Scotland’s avifauna. In Ireland 
Thompson says it is a resident but very local species. Out of the British Islands the Wood-Lark is 
more or less numerously dispersed over the whole of the southern and central parts of Europe, and pro- 
ceeds as far northward as Sweden and Russia ; it is a common bird in Palestine and the neighbouring 
countries, but it is not found in India. In North Africa, Loche says it is to be met with in the south of 
Algeria. 
In most, if not all the parts of England above, mentioned, the Wood-Lark builds its cup-shaped nest on 
the ground, among the herbage, but sometimes under the shelter of a tuft of grass. It is said to go to nest 
