PLECTROPHANES NIVALIS. 
Snow-Bunting-, or Snowflake. 
Eniberiza nivalis, Linn. Faun. Suec., p. 82. 
montana et mustelina, Gmel. edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 867. 
glacialis, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. p. 398. 
Hortulatius glacialis et montanus, Leach, Syst. Cat. of Indig. Mamm. and Birds in Brit. Mns., pp. 15, 16. 
Plectrophanes nivalis, Meyer, 3. Theil des Taschenb. deutsch. Vog., p. 58. 
iorealis, montanus et mustelinus, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl., pp. 305, 306. 
If we compare the avifaunas of tlie arctic and antarctic circles, we find that they are of very opj)osite 
characters — that probably no insessorial bird inhabits the southern land, and that Penguins, Gulls, and Petrels 
are almost the only birds that live in that inhospitable region. How different is it in the great polar basin 
of the north ! how varied are the forms of birds which dwell therein ! and what myriads of individuals 
there occur ! If not congenial to the human race, it may be considered the elysium of a certain portion 
of the feathered creation : for where can they live more peacefully, or obtain their food with less trouble ? — 
the great warmth of the brief summer and perpetual daylight being conducive to the life of so many of the 
lower animals upon which they live. If the shores of these ice-bound seas be not favourable to the 
growth of shrubs and trees, sufficient vegetation and insect life exist to nurture several little insessorial birds, 
of whieh, perhaps, the most conspicuous is the Snow-Bunting, a speeies which, from its abundance and 
extreme tameness, must be to the Esquimaux what the Sparrow and the Wagtail are to us. No northern 
country yet visited by Europeans, either in the Old or the New World, has been too near the pole for its 
existence; for, however high the latitude that has been attained, there the Snow-Bunting has been found 
breeding; and I strongly suspect that if the pole itself were reached, and islands or a mainland were to be 
found there, this interesting bird would be seen enlivening the waste ; at least we may naturally conclude 
that such would be the case from the circumstance of its having been met with in every part of the arctie 
circle yet visited — Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, Lapland, Russia, and Siberia in the Old World, while 
Greenland, from its position, unites it with the New. The remains of the departed and excellent Franklin and 
his heroic companions lie in the midst of the breeding-grounds of this species ; and well does its mourning 
attire accord with the dreary resting-])lace of those brave men, many of whom were my j)ersonal friends. 
Heaven only knows whether the skeletons of our countrymen may not have afforded shelter for the nest of 
the beautiful Snowflake ; for Captain Lyons found one placed in the bosom of a departed Esquimaux child — 
“a situation,” remarks the Rev. F. O. Morris, “ suggestive of affecting thoughts, but the history connected 
with which must remain unknown until that day when both land and sea shall give iq) their dead.” One 
would imagine that birds are among the happiest of created beings ; witbout effort, and with but little 
labour, they transport themselves from place to place, and from country to country, tlieir wing-powers 
enabling them almost to annihilate time and space. They are certainly more independent than quadrupeds ; 
for no impediments obstruct their passage from one region to another. They iidiale freely the ambient air, 
through which they pass on their wonderfully constructed wings. To-day the Snowflake may be in the British 
Isles, to-morrow in Iceland, the day following in their breeding-grounds in Greenland, whence, the task of 
ineubation aceomplished, and the feathering of the young perfected, they return southward to avoid the 
rigours of winter, which would be fatal to so frail a bird. The individuals which leave us for the temperate 
regions of the northern hemisphere, singly or in pairs, in spring, return again in the autumn in flocks, and 
frequently hundreds together. 
“ This neat and elegant bird,” says Dr. Richardson, “ breeds in the northernmost of the American islands, 
and on all the shores of the continent, from Chesterfield Inlet, to Behring’s Straits. The most southerly 
of its breeding-stations in the New World, that has been recorded, is Southampton Island, in the sixty- 
second parallel. Its nest is composed of dry grass, neatly lined with deer’s hair and a few feathers, 
and is generally fixed in the crevice of a rock, or in a loose pile of timber or stones. The eggs are 
greenish white, with a circle of irregular umber-brown spots round the thick end, and numerous blotches 
of subdued lavender-purple. On the 22nd July, 1826, in removing some drift timber lying on the 
beach of Cape Parry, we discovered a nest on the ground containing four young Snow-birds. Care 
was taken not to injure them ; and while we were seated at breakfast, at the distance of only two or 
three feet, the parent birds made frequent visits to their offspring, at first timidly, but at length with 
the greatest confidence, and every time bringing grubs in their bills. The Snow-Bunting does not hasten 
to the south on the approach of winter with the same speed as other summer birds, but lingers about 
the forts and open places, picking up grass-seeds, until the snow becomes deep ; and it is only during 
