3 
DEPOSITED IN WATER. 
3. d. Except in a small corner of the district near Kirby Lonsdale, there is 
perhaps no trace of the occurrence of the upper Silurian system in the vicinity of the 
Cumbrian lakes. Here it appears in the state of a dark reddish, or pale slaty, or 
flaggy rock, micaceous, sandy, or argillaceous, and containing organic remains in 
nests and lines parallel to the laminar surfaces, and partially associated with calcareous 
matter. It is almost certainly a part of the Ludlow rocks of Mr. Murchison, and 
contains some of their fossils. Occurring on the extreme point of the district, and on 
the dip side, we have no hope of finding it more developed in any part of the north of 
England. ( See Diagram , No. 1, for the relation of the Cumbrian slates to the Penine 
chain.) 
Such are the terms of the series of slaty rocks in the north of 
England. We may now turn to consider the circumstances under 
winch some of them approach to the borders, or enter the interior of 
Yorkshire. The general direction (strike) of the slaty beds in the 
western Cumbrian district is N. E. and S. W., and this direction is 
not materially changed in any quarter by the many irruptions of pyro- 
genous rocks. In the eastern parts it turns more to the east, as the 
Skiddaw slate from Keswick to Matter dale, the Coniston limestone 
from Windermere to Shap Wells. The general dip being to the south 
east, we see the reason why it is only near Kirby Lonsdale that the 
uppermost beds of the whole series (Ludlow rocks) shew themselves. 
The Cumbrian slaty district is longest in a direction from N. W. 
to S. E., and is completely surrounded by more recent deposits. From 
Egremont to Low Furness its boundary is principally formed by new 
red sandstone, running S. S. E. across and over the ridges of slates ; 
from Egremont by Cockermouth, Hesket, Pooley bridge, Shap, Orton, 
Ravenstonedale, Sedbergh, Kirby Lonsdale, and Kendal, to Ulverstone, 
mountain limestone, with occasional interventions of red sandstone and 
red conglomerate, forms a nearly continuous though irregular border, 
and rests unconformedly on the different members of the grauwacke. 
At some points, especially near Ulverstone, this border is broken, and 
grauwacke forms seacliffs. But the most interesting interruption of 
the limestone border is found near Kirby Lonsdale, where, in con- 
sequence of the effect of the great Penine Fault, the Hougill fell slates 
B 2 
