16 
DESCRIPTION OF THE ROCKS 
Lowther castle, where it is extremely well exhibited, and extended by 
observations on the northern side of the lake district ( 1822 ). The streams 
near Brough, and Ravenstonedale, have also furnished me ( 1833 ) with 
correct information, and enabled me to perceive that, in their relations to 
the old red sandstone, the lower scar limestones of Yorkshire and 
Westmoreland may bear a close comparison with the rocks on the 
Tweed, and the Avon, and the northern parts of the limestone hills 
of Monmouthshire. When, many years ago, Mr. Westgarth Forster 
published his useful Mining Section, he was not aware of the great 
Cross fell fault, and erroneously imagined all the red sandstone of the 
great plain of Carlisle to be below the limestones of the Penine chain. 
Yet into the composition of the series of that magnificent escarpment, 
red sandstone beds do really enter. In the country round Brough great 
dislocations prevail, but it is easy to obtain in the Swinegill stream, 
proof of the occurrence of red and mottled grits and shales under the 
great body of the lower scar lime, and enclosing particular kinds of 
limestone. Omitting, at present, all notice of the curious faults, and 
axes of movement in this singular region, it will be sufficient to state 
that, on ascending this watercourse for some distance, we find lower, 
and still lower beds appear, till at last the whole section changes, and 
the escarpment of the elevated Penine region is reached. The following 
is a general view (in descending order) of these beds, dipping S. or S. E. 
Red grits, and clays, and white clays. 
60 ft. of limestone, red, yellow, and mottled. 
Red grits, &c. 
Plate, reddish and black. 
Yellowish grit. 
Plate. 
Grits and plants (Stigmaria). 
Whitish sandy clay. 
Sandstone and plants. 
Plate, dark coloured. 
Sandstone and plants (Stigmaria.) 
Plate, black. 
50 ft. Red grit, laminated. 
40 ft. 
