DEPOSITED IN WATER. 
75 
on the Lancashire side of Holland forest, in Wyersdale, and other 
valleys about Garstang. The section in the trough of Bolland is very 
impressive, from the great thickness there displayed; in Pendle hill 
(west front) it is very well shewn ; the Hodder near Stonyhurst, the 
Calder at Whalley bridge, and the Ribble, in various parts of its 
course below Settle, near Clithero, display the shales very well. Near 
Colne it is cut through in the Leeds and Liverpool canal, it occupies 
considerable heights in the vales of Todmorden, and Marsden, and was 
penetrated in the long tunnel of the Huddersfield canal under Stanedge. 
It covers the limestone ridges of Lothersdale, Skipton, and Craco ; 
is rich in fossils at Flasby, and in the vale of Todmorden ; is curiously 
contorted at Bolton abbey, and is almost universally found beneath 
the pastures of the lower and central parts of Craven. Nodules of 
ironstone, sometimes septariate (Wyersdale), often fossiliferous (Marsden 
tunnel), and beds of argillocalcite and chert, (lower Hodder, Whalley, 
Coniston,) chiefly confined to the lower portions, are the principal 
causes of variety in this mass of uniform deposits. The thickness of 
the shales in the Craven district is not easily known. In Pendle 
hill and near Skipton, it must probably amount to fully five hundred 
feet, in the trough of Bolland and the valleys on the west of it, a 
greater thickness may be assigned to it. It is rarely seen to be en- 
tirely free from contortions, and the hard argillocalcite layers are 
commonly bent as completely as the shale. — Sparry veins abound in 
the latter but not in the former. The texture of the shale is generally 
fine, it is always bituminous, and except in particular places, and 
especially in connection with ironstone or limestone nodules and layers, 
it is seldom fossiliferous. 
Coal deposit of Ingleton and Burton. 
All the coal of Bolland and North Lancashire belongs to the mill- 
stone grit, and corresponds with that of Penyghent, Fountain’s fell, kc . ; 
but the coal-field of Ingleton and Burton is of later date, and is so re- 
lated to the Craven fault, that its relations can only be well understood 
after reading the account of that dislocation. 
l 2 
