CHAPTER IV. 
Effects of Subterranean Movements, <%c. 
After the deposition and consolidation of the strata they were sub- 
jected to disturbing forces originating at some depth below the surface 
of the earth, and thus broken in many directions, and partially uplifted 
and depressed. — In the country now under examination the operation 
of these forces is variously exhibited in axes and centres of elevation, 
and other great displacements of strata, accompanied in a few instances 
by dykes of ignigenous rock, and very often by mineral veins.— The 
time and circumstances of these accidents are of high geological interest. 
THE PENINE SYSTEM. 
(See Diag. 1, 2 ; and Sections 1, 2.) 
The whole escarpment of the Penine chain from Brampton to Kirby 
Stephen in a direction to the S. E. by S., and thence to Kirby Lonsdale 
nearly S. W. by S. is caused by an immense disruption coincident with 
the elevation of a ridge of partially exposed slate rocks. The effect of 
this disruption is the relative displacement of the strata on the two sides 
of it, (in one part to the extent of a thousand yards at least,) for a length 
of fifty-five miles. Perhaps the whole world does not offer a spectacle 
more impressive to the eye of the geologist than that afforded by 
the contrast between the mighty wall of mountain limestone rocks 
soaring to the height of two thousand five hundred feet, above the 
vale of the Eden, and the plain of Carlisle, and the level beds of the 
red sandstone deposited in later times at the foot of the ancient escarp- 
ment, upon the relatively depressed portion of the same mountain lime- 
stone series. 
At the northern termination of the Penine chain, this great dis- 
ruption ends, and another (which may indeed be considered as the 
o 2 
