100 
EFFECTS OF 
same continued at right angles) parts from the same point, toward the 
east, and causes a relative depression of the limestone strata on the north 
to an amount which cannot be estimated at less than two thousand 
feet. This great dislocation continues in its eastward course with some 
deviations for fifty miles to the sea side north of Newcastle, where it 
affects the magnesian limestone, as well as the coal measures, and thus 
gives us approximately the date of the convulsion. Coal measures of 
the series above the millstone grit appear on the north side and at the 
west end of this dyke opposite some beds of the middle portion of 
the flag and limestone series. 
From the southern end of the Penine chain near Kirby Lonsdale 
another or rather a double line of dislocation takes its course E. S. E, 
for thirty miles to Wharfedale, and perhaps beyond, of which the effect 
is a relative depression of the southern side of from one thousand to 
three thousand feet according to the locality. It is interesting to 
observe that on the south side of these dislocations in one spot a coal 
field occurs, almost precisely under the same circumstance as that before 
noticed near the northern end of the Penine chain. 
The leading effects of the Penine fault are sufficiently obvious, but 
the lesser circumstances connected with it are not easily seen and have 
been little attended to. On the line of the northern branch to the 
east, (ninety fathom dyke or Tynedale fault,) no locality is so interesting 
as that often described yet ever new exhibition of it at Whitley and 
Cullercoats on the sea side north of Tynemouth. In the sea cliff it 
is seen to dislocate not only the coal measures but also both the beds 
<:f the Rothetodteliegende and magnesian limestone, the beds on the 
north or depiessed side dipping towards the fault. The plane of the 
dislocation deviates here no less than 59° from the vertical, underlying to 
the north ; the surface of the overlying yellow sandstone being marked 
by numerous parallel flutings, precisely along the dip of the fault, and 
such as may be conceived to have been produced by a movement like that 
of an enormous planing machine. This important fact confirms the 
conclusion which from many other reasons is probable, that the whole 
