102 
EFFECTS OF 
As before observed, the elevated region on the east rises moderately 
to the fault : yet it is a general truth that this rise of the beds becomes 
continually more and more considerable as we approach the axis, and 
where good sections can be consulted, it is found that the eastern beds 
turn up to the fault for a short distance very abruptly, and that there is 
really an anticlinal axis under some parts of the Penine escarpment. 
The appearances presented by this great line of dislocation are no 
where more complicated than in the country between Brough and 
Ravenstonedale, where its direction changes. About Brough (in the 
stream from the direction of Lunedale, and on the road to Bowes and 
Tan hill) ridges of vertical and inclined strata run in various directions ; 
apparently under the triple influence of the Cross fell and Kirby 
Stephen branches of the Penine fault, and the independent disloca- 
tion of Lunedale. 
About Kirby Stephen also the direction of the dislocated strata is 
various, and, as at Brough, the beds are often vertical or dipping steeply 
from the elevated region on the east. 
In the lower part of Mallerstang dale where the strike of the beds 
is north-east and south-west, meeting the Cross fell branch at an angle of 
110°, the limestone ridges cross the Eden from the west, to the hill 
called Bells on the east, dipping 60°, 80°, or 90°, according to the dis- 
tance from the axis of disturbance. Both the north-west and south-east 
dips are very evident on the right bank of Eden, proving a real anticlinal 
axis ; on the left bank the water crosses a long section of the lower 
lime stones and incumbent shales, dipping south-east 60° to 80°. This 
excessive steepness of dip belongs only to a narrow breadth from the 
axis, and is seen only in the lower limestone series. The same anti- 
clinal ridge is traced between Nateby and Swaledale head ; the upper 
limestones of Swaledale head dip rapidly south-east ; and those toward 
Nateby fall steeply to the north-west. 
