104 
EFFECTS OF 
this, it encounters directly, and crosses, another ridge of vertical lime- 
stone, which continues for some distance to the south, parallel to the 
main line of the fault which proceeds down Leek beck. 
The ridge of grauwacke forming Casterton fells is thus bordered 
on both sides by limestone, ranging north and south, and on arriving 
at Kirby Lonsdale the Penine fault suddenly turns to the E. S. E., and 
receives the name of the Craven Fault; ( See JDiag. No. 1 .) 
The general character of this great branch of the Penine dislocation 
is a downthrow on the southern side of one thousand, two thousand 
or more feet, according to the locality, accomplished by one or two 
faults. This great southward drop of the beds forms the remarkable 
valley called Lonsdale, which ends on a low summit of drainage, cor- 
responding exactly to that on the line of the great northern fault 
at Brampton. (See Section No. 1 .) 
On the north of the Craven faults the limestone holds a high and 
level course from Graygarth fell to Wharfedale *, south of it from the 
same point to beyond Ribblesdale is the subjacent parallel narrow band 
of slate rocks, whose divisional surfaces l’ange in this same direction; 
then follows on the south an interrupted belt of the same limestone, 
depressed some hundreds of feet and dipping south in most places 
very steeply ; south of this is another great line of fault, which is 
very conspicuous from Wharfedale to Giggleswick scar, and is probably 
continuous by Clapham and Ingleton ; in the Burton coalfield the strata 
dip toward the slate ridge. Along the line of the northern of these 
faults a remarkable greenstone dyke is seen at Ingleton, accompanied 
by contorted slate, &c. 
The extent of the dislocations caused by these faults varies. The 
northern drop is about three hundred feet. The total depression under 
Ingleborough arising from two slips and one very steep dip, is not less 
than three thousand feet, about Settle one thousand, and it diminishes 
toward Grassington, where numerous other dislocations confuse but do 
not destroy its effects. 
