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EFFECTS OF 
hundred feet, under the bold escarpment ; much alluvial matter lies 
about its borders, and its waters have formerly been more extensive; 
the hollow caused by the slip reaches Wharfedale between Kilnsea 
and Threshfield, and is obscurely continued across the Grassington moors, 
where it falls into another system of dislocations, having had a clear 
and uninterrupted course from the coast of Northumberland to Wharfe- 
dale, one hundred and thirty miles. 
In this long course its bearings have varied much ; the line from Cul- 
lercoats to Brampton has three principal directions, — W. N. W. near the 
sea, W. S. W. across the Tyne, and W. along this valley to Brampton : 
thence to Brough nearly S. E. by S.— Brough to Wild Boar fell nearly 
S. W. — and thence to Gray garth S. S. W. From Gray garth to Wharfe- 
dale E. S. E. turning however more to the eastward as it approaches 
the Wharfe. 
THE RIBBLESDALE SYSTEM. 
The country to the S. W. of the great Craven fault, which ranges 
from Kirby Lonsdale by Settle toward Pateley bridge, has its own 
system of disturbances chiefly in a direction from N. E. to S. W. 
Anticlinal lines of convulsion in this direction traverse the country 
from Lothersdale by Pendle hill, Whalley, and Blackburn; some 
pass through the district of Whitewell and the trough of Bolland, 
and others through the centre of the Craven depression. The most 
striking features of this part of Craven, and the adjacent tracts, depend 
on these N. E. axes of movements, as the grit summits of Long Ridge, 
the limestone valley of Bolland, Pendle hill, Padiliam heights, the 
Burnley coalfield, the limestone valleys of Lothersdale, Skipton, and 
Cracoe. It is remarkable that in the northern part of their range 
these dislocations change their direction and turn E. and W., so as 
to approximate to the line of the great Craven faults. Thus in the 
Skipton valley the limestone ridge bends round and turns due E. 
across the Wharfe,— from Flashy the limestone swell in like manner 
turns east across the same river to Greenhow hill. While the 
