SUBTERRANEAN MOVEMENTS, Sec. 109 
Lunedale, (independent of slight throws accompanying the Whin 
dyke of Greengate and Wommersgill ;) which throws down to the 
south so greatly as to alter entirely the character of the whole region. 
North of the dale, the whole Yoredale series may be traced, in as- 
cending to the tops of the fells ; in places also the Tyne bottom 
limestone (it is supposed) lies over the Whin sill, (which however 
is in extreme confusion at Saddlebow) ; but south of this river the 
country is formed of the grits, plates, and cherty beds of the mill- 
stone grit series. So great is the effect of this dislocation, and the 
steep dips to the south connected with it, that the difference of ele- 
vation of analogous beds at some distance from the fault is fully one 
thousand feet. 
It is remarkable, as a general and leading fact with respect to 
mineral veins, and by consequence to the faults which almost uni- 
versally accompany them in this district, that their predominant direc- 
tion is north of east. The greatest number of mineral veins occurs 
in this direction ; the greatest quantity of metallic ores is obtained 
from veins running east and west. This indeed is a general fact in 
geology, for east and west courses of veins are the normal directions 
for great part of Europe whatever be the age and nature of the rock 
including them. But even in Yorkshire other directions are noticeable 
which it will be instructive to survey, 
The most perfect example of east and west dislocations in Yorkshire 
occurs in Swaledale and Arkendale, parallel to Yoredale, Swaledale, and 
Gretadale. The celebrated Auld Gang lead mines, and many others 
on either hand, are established principally upon the great vein called 
Fryerfold, which ranges from Swaledale head down the north side 
of the valley toward Gilling and Middleton Tyas. Its whole course, 
probably, is continuous from the latter locality to Wild Boar fell, a 
distance of thirty miles, in a constant direction a little south of west. 
In driving the Hard level at the Auld Gang mines, on the south side of 
this great or master vein, six veins and strings were cut through all 
nearly parallel to it. Two of these almost absolutely vertical were 
