112 
EFFECTS OF 
hade south, most of those in Allendale and Aldstone moor throw the 
south cheek up and hade north. In these latter tracts the dip of the 
strata is northward, and thus dip, hade, and throw coincide. 
In the Swaledale mining district the dip of the strata across the 
veins is Very inconsiderable either way, and the throws of the beds 
are partly north and partly south. 
In the Grassington mining field the veins range north-west and 
south-east, and east and west (the former are the strongest and best 
veins), they nearly all throw down to the south, and hade and underlay 
in the same direction, which is also the line of principal dip of the 
strata. Thus dip, hade, and throw coincide to depress the beds on 
the southward. 
In the Greenhow mining field, which indeed joins with that of 
Grassington into one great mineral district, the prevalent directions 
are W. IS". W. and North-west as at Grassington ; the veins go through 
and cross the axis of elevation formerly described as ranging E. by 
N. One of the veins undergoes a change of direction when it meets 
the axis from E. S. E. to South-east, so as to cross it more nearly 
at right angles. 
From these observations we learn that in parts of the Penine region 
differently related to the great axes of convulsion, the prevalent directions 
of the mineral veins are different. Both east and west and north and 
south veins prevail in the northern region influenced by the east and 
west fault of Tynedale and the north and south fault of Crossfell i 
at a greater distance from the Tynedale fault, the veins in Swaledale 
almost all range E. by N. : near the local east and west axis of elevation of 
Greenhow the direction of the veins is complicated thereby so as to 
assume a tendency to cross it rectangularly. 
If then we could examine this question in a district where no great 
faults but only anticlinal axes occurred, we might expect to find a deter- 
